<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>meüefd</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1306-7850</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Mersin Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17860/mersinefd.1851141</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Instructional Technologies</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Öğretim Teknolojileri</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>İki Boyutlu ve Üç Boyutlu Blok Tabanlı Kodlama Uygulamalarını Kullanan Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Akademik Başarıları, Uzamsal Zeka Düzeyleri ve Görüşlerinin İncelenmesi</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Investigation of the Academic Achievement, Spatial Intelligence Levels, and Opinions of Middle School Students Using Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Block-Based Coding Applications</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9918-6049</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Bilgen Bucak</surname>
                                    <given-names>Zahide</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9520-043X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>İslim</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ömer Faruk</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Mersin Üniversitesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260428">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>28</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>22</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>126</fpage>
                                        <lpage>141</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251229">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>29</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260402">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>02</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2005, Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2005</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Teknolojik gelişmelerin etkilediği alanlardan biri de eğitimdir. Bu gelişmeler, özellikle kodlama ve algoritmik düşünme becerilerinin önemini artırmıştır. Kodlama; sistematik düşünme ve yazılım geliştirme sürecidir. Algoritmik düşünme ise problem çözmede mantıklı ve yaratıcı adımlar planlamayı ifade eder. Bu araştırmada, 2 ve 3 boyutlu Blok Tabanlı Kodlama (BTK) eğitimlerinin ortaokul öğrencilerinin akademik başarılarına, uzamsal zekâ düzeylerine etkisi ve öğrenci görüşleri incelenmiştir. 2022-2023 yılında, bilim ve sanat merkezi öğrencileriyle yürütülen çalışmada, 8 hafta süren BTK eğitimi uygulanmış; 16 öğrenci 3B (CoSpaces), 16 öğrenci ise 2B (Scratch) kodlama eğitimi almıştır. Bulgulara göre, iki grup arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmazken, her grubun kendi içindeki ön test-son test puanları arasında anlamlı artışlar görülmüştür. Nitel verilerde ise 3B eğitim alan öğrencilerin daha motive olduğu, süreci daha kolay ve gerçekçi buldukları belirlenmiştir. Artırılmış ve sanal gerçeklik unsurları, öğrencilerin ilgisini artıran önemli etmenler arasında yer almıştır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Technological advancements have significantly influenced education, fostering the development of essential skills such as coding and algorithmic thinking. Coding enables the systematic transformation of cognitive ideas into functional software, while algorithmic thinking supports logical and creative problem-solving. This study examines the effects of 2D and 3D block-based coding (BTK) instruction on middle school students&#039; academic achievement, spatial intelligence, and perceptions. Conducted during the 2022–2023 academic year with 32 students from a science and arts center, the research employed a mixed-methods design. Over eight weeks, the experimental group received 3D coding instruction via CoSpaces, while the control group used 2D Scratch. Academic performance and spatial intelligence were assessed through pre- and post-tests. Due to non-normal data distribution, Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used. Results showed no significant differences between the groups&#039; post-test scores. However, within-group comparisons revealed significant improvements. Qualitative findings indicated that students in the 3D coding group were more motivated, found coding easier and more engaging, and benefited from immersive augmented and virtual reality experiences, which positively influenced their learning motivation.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>kodlama eğitimi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  blok tabanlı kodlama</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  uzamsal zeka</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  scratch</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  cospace</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>coding education</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  block-based coding</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  spatial intellegince</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  scratch</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  cospace</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akçay, A., &amp; Çoklar, A. N. (2016). Bilişsel becerilerin gelişimine yönelik bir öneri: Programlama eğitimi. A. İşman, H. F. Odabaşı ve B. Akkoyunlu (Eds.), Eğitim Teknolojieri Okumaları 2016 (121-139). Ankara: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology (TOJET).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akpınar, Y., &amp; Altun, Y. (2014). Bilgi toplumu okullarında programlama eğitimi gereksinimi. İlköğretim Online, 13(1), 1-4.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arıkan, E. E., &amp; Ünsal, K. (2019). Ortaokul ve lise okul yöneticilerinin kodlama eğitimine yönelik görüşlerinin incelenmesi (bağcılar ilçesi örneği). İZÜ Eğitim Dergisi, 1(2), 250-284.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Belet Boyacı, Ş.D., &amp; Güner Özer, M. (2019). Öğrenmenin geleceği: 21. yüzyıl becerileri perspektifiyle türkçe dersi öğretim programları. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 9(2), 708-738.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., &amp; Demirel, F. (2019). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi yayınları, 246-247.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cabezuelo, A. (2019). Use of Scratch for the teaching of second languages. İnternational Journal Of Emerging Technologies İn Learning, 14 (21), 80–95. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i21.11217</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Can, A. (2019). SPSS ile bilimsel araştırma sürecinde nicel veri analizi. Pegem Akademi Yayınları, 14.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chang, C.K. (2014). Effects of using alice and scratch in an introductory programming course for corrective instruction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 51(2), 185-204.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chmiliar, I. (2010). Multiple-case designs. In A. J. Mills, G. Eurepas &amp; E. Wiebe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of case study research (582-583). SAGE Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry &amp; research design: Choosing among five approaches (2. Baskı). SAGE Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Creswell, J. W., &amp; Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Sage: Thousand Oaks</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çatlak, Ş., Tekdal, M., &amp; Baz, F. Ç., (2015). Scratch yazılımı ile programlama öğretiminin durumu: bir doküman inceleme çalışması. Journal of Instructional Technologies &amp; Teacher Education, 4(3), 13-25.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demirer, V., &amp; Sak, N. (2016). Dünyada ve Türkiye&#039;de programlama eğitimi ve yeni yaklaşımlar. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama, 12(3), 521-546.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dinçer, A. (2018). 6.sınıf öğrencilerine scratch ve kodu game lab programlama dillerinin öğretiminde öğrencilerin tutum, öz yeterlilik ve akademik başarılarının karşılaştırılması [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eguchi, A., &amp; Shen, J. (2012). Student learning experience through cospace educational robotics. Society for Information Technology &amp; Teacher Education International Conference.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory in practice. Basic Books/Hachette Book Group. 
Graneheim, U. H., &amp; Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24(2), 105-112.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Güler, Ç. (2021). Algorithmic thinking skills without computers for prospective computer science teachers. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi [Journal of Theoretical Educational Science], 14(4), 570-585. http://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.892869</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Harris, T., &amp; Hardin, J. W. (2013). Exact wilcoxon signed-rank and wilcoxon mann–whitney ranksum tests. The Stata Journal, 13(2), 337-343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1301300208</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Haymana, İ., &amp; Özalp, D. (2020). Robotik ve kodlama eğitiminin ilkokul 4. sınıf öğrencilerinin yaratıcı düşünme becerilerine etkisi. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 247-274.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hesse-Biber, S., Rodriguez, D., &amp; Frost, N.A. (2015). A qualitatively driven approach to multimethod and mixed methods research. In S. Hesse-Biber &amp; R.B. Johnson (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multimethod and mixed methods research inquiry (3-20). OUP.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hunter, A., &amp; Brewer, J. (2015). Designing multimethod research. In S. Hesse-Biber &amp; R.B. Johnson (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of multimethod and mixed methods research inquiry (185-205). OUP.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ISTE (2015). CT Leadership toolkit. http://www.iste.org/docs/ct-documents/ctleadershipt-toolkit.pdf?sfvrsn=4 
Johnson, R. B., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., &amp; Turner, L. A. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689806298224</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karabak, D., &amp; Güneş, A. (2013). Ortaokul birinci sınıf öğrencileri için yazılım geliştirme alanında müfredat önerisi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 163-169.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kert, S.B., &amp; Uğraş, T.(2009). Programlama eğitiminde sadelik ve eğlence: Scratch örneği. I. Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Kongresi, Çanakkale.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lau, W. W., &amp; Yuen, A. H. (2011). Modelling programming performance: beyond the influence of learner characteristics. Computers &amp; Education, 57(1), 1202-1213.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Martha, D., Sousa, V. D., &amp; Mendes, I. A. C. (2007). An overview of research designs relevant to nursing: part 3: mixed and multiple methods. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 15, 1046-1049. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007000500025</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MEB. (2022). Millî Eğitim İstatistikleri: Örgün eğitim 2021-2022 [Yıllık istatistik]. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mercan, M., &amp; Aktaş, M. (2018). 6. Sınıf Matematik dersine ait cebirsel ifadeler konusunun scratch destekli öğretiminin öğrenci başarısına etkisi. Social Sciences Studies, (28), 6395-6409.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Merriam, S. B. (2013). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber (3. Baskıdan Çeviri, Çeviri Editörü: S. Turan). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Morse, J. M. (2003). Principles of mixed methods and multimethod research design. Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research, 1, 189-208.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">OECD (The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). (2012). Connected minds: Technology and today’s learners, educational research and innovation. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecdilibrary.org/education/connected-minds_9789264111011-en</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Olkun S. (2003). Making connections: İmproving spatial abilities with engineering drawing activities. International Journal of Mathematics Teaching and Learning, 3(1), 1-10.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özçakır, B., &amp; Çakıroğlu, E. (2022). Fostering spatial abilities of middle school students through augmented reality: Spatial strategies. Education and Information Technologies, 27, 2977–3010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Papert, S. (1980). Mindstorms—Children, Computers and Powerful Ideas. Basic Books, Inc.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ramazanoğlu, M. (2021). Robotik kodlama uygulamalarının ortaokul öğrencilerinin bilgisayara yönelik tutumlarına ve bilgi işlemsel düşünme becerisine yönelik öz yeterlilik algılarına etkisi. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25(1), 163-174.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Saban, A. (2002). Çoklu zekâ teorisi ve eğitim. (İkinci Baskı). Nobel Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Saygıner, Ş. (2017). Blok tabanlı görsel ve metin tabanlı programlama öğretimlerinin erişi, mantıksal düşünme ve motivasyona etkileri [Yüksek Lisan Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Subaşı, M., &amp; Okumuş, K. (2017). Bir araştırma yöntemi olarak durum çalışması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(2), 419-426.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Voogt, J., &amp; Roblin, N. P. (2012). A comparative analysis of ınternational frameworks for 21st century competences: implications for national curriculum policies. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 44, 299-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2012.668938</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wheelock, A. (2018). Quadrivium networking topic: future of steam. Journal of Virtual Studies, 9(2), 47-72.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wing, J. M. (2006). Computational thinking, Communıcatıons Of The Acm, 49(3), 33- 35.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırım, A., &amp; Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (10. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yılmaz İnce, E. (2020). Kodlama eğitiminde oyun geliştirme platformlarının kullanımı. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (53), 1-17.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: design and methods. Sage.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
