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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>MetaZihin: Yapay Zeka ve Zihin Felsefesi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2651-2963</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2651-2963</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Murat ARICI</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Philosophy</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Felsefe</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Bilincin Doğasına Yönelik Beş Temel Yaklaşımın Bir Değerlendirmesi</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>[An Evaluation on Five Main Approaches Towards the Nature of Consciousness]</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7209-1082</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Doğan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mehtap</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20180630">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2018</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>1</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>21</fpage>
                                        <lpage>55</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20180515">
                        <day>05</day>
                        <month>15</month>
                        <year>2018</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20180616">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>16</month>
                        <year>2018</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2018, MetaZihin: Yapay Zeka ve Zihin Felsefesi Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>MetaZihin: Yapay Zeka ve Zihin Felsefesi Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Öz: Buçalışmanın üç temel ön iddiası bulunmaktadır: (1) Her deneyimin birdeneyimleyeni (fenomenal öznesi) vardır. (2) Deneyimleyen (fenomenal özne)ontolojik olarak tözsel bir varlıktır. (3) Deneyimleyeni (fenomenal özneyi)anlamaksızın ne deneyimin kendisi ne de fenomenal bilincin doğası kavranabilirdeğildir. Bu üç sav şu anlama gelmektedir: Bilincin doğasını açıklamateşebbüsünde bulunan teorilerden hiçbirisi, fenomenal özneyi açıklamaksızınbilincin doğasını açıklayamaz. Bu makalede, bu üç ön iddia bir ana argüman iletemellendirildikten sonra bilincin doğasına yönelik beş temel yaklaşımeleştirel bir bakış açısıyla incelenecektir: İdealist monizm, materyalistmonizm, düalizm, panpsişizm ve agnostik gizemcilik. Çalışma bu beş yaklaşımıbahsi geçen ve temellendirilen üç ön iddia çerçevesinde ele almakta vedolayısıyla fenomenal özneye biçilen ontolojik statünün söz konusu rakipteorilerin karşılaştırılmasında bir ölçüt oluşturacağı tezini savunmaktadır. Buminvalde, makalede söz konusu beş yaklaşımla ilgili olarak şu sonuçlaraulaşılmaktadır: İdealist monizmin temel savı kabaca “varlık sadece zihinseliçerikten oluşmaktadır” şeklinde değerlendirildiğinde, bu yaklaşım tözsel birfenomenal özneye doğal olarak imkân tanımakta; fakat madde ile ilgili en temelsezgilerimizi açıklamakta zorlanmaktadır. Materyalist monizm, indirgemeci,indirgemeci-olmayan ve elemeci materyalizm şeklinde üçe ayrıldığındaindirgemeci materyalizm, zihinsel olanın fiziksel olana indirgenebileceğinisavunduğu için tözsel bir fenomenal öznenin varlığını yadsımak zorundakalmakta; öte yandan indirgemeci-olmayan materyalizm öznel deneyimin varlığınaimkân tanısa da deneyimleyenin doğasına dair bir açıklama sunmamaktadır.Elemeci materyalizm ise bilincin, bilimsel terminolojiden elenmesi gereken birhalk psikolojisi terimi olduğunu söylerken fenomenal özneyi de doğrudan elemecibakış açısıyla yok saymaktadır. Düalizm ise her ne kadar fenomenal özneyebağımsız bir tözsel ontolojik yapı atfetse de fenomenal özne ile fiziksel bedenarasındaki nedensel etkileşimi yeterince açıklayamama sorunuyla karşı karşıyakalmaktadır. Diğer taraftan panpsişizmin temel iddiası “var olan her şeyinzihni ya da zihinsellik niteliği vardır” şeklinde alındığında bu görüşzihinselliği ve dolayısıyla bilinçliliği oldukça geniş bir anlamda elealdığından fenomenal öznenin bilinçliliği belirlemesi ilkesini göz ardı etmekdurumunda kalmaktadır. Son olarak agnostik gizemciliğin temel savı “zihnin vebilincin doğasını ilkece bilme imkânımız bulunmamaktadır” şeklinde alındığındabu görüşün ilkece fenomenal öznenin ontolojik yapısını anlama imkânını ortadankaldırdığını söylemek mümkün gözükmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Abstract: This study has three pre-claims: 1) Every experience has an experiencer(phenomenal subject). 2) Experiencer (phenomenal subject) is a substantiallyontological entity. 3) Without understanding phenomenal subject, it is notpossible to comprehend neither experience not the nature of phenomenalconsciousness. These three axioms mean that any of the theories onconsciousness could be successful to explain the nature of consciousnesswithout explaining phenomenal subject. In this essay, five approaches on consciousnesswill be critically examined by relying on mentioned three axioms: Idealistmonism, materialist monism, dualism, panpsychism, agnosticism. Idealist monismclaims that all entities are mental. This approach gives an opportunity to theexistence of phenomenal subject as an owner of subjective experience. However,it is not easy to advocate idealism because of our basic knowledge concerningmaterial world. Materialist monism could be classified as reductivematerialism, non-reductive materialism and eliminative materialism. Accordingto reductive materialism, all mental properties could be reduced to physical;therefore, consciousness as a mental property could be reduced to physical andit is not necessary to talk about the existence of phenomenal subject.Non-reductive materialism, unlikely reductive materialism, supports the ideathat mental properties cannot be reduced to physical. This approach has apossibility to identify subjective experience but it is also insufficient toexplain phenomenal subject. Eliminative materialism totally rejects the idea ofmental properties; hence, it does not provide us to discuss about consciousnessand experience by depending on the idea that they are just folk- psychologicalconcepts and they should be eliminated from the scientific research of mind.Dualism claims that there are two distinct entities or properties in theuniverse: physical and mental. Although this theory is compatible with the ideaof phenomenal subject, it is problematic in terms of its failure ofphysical-mental interaction. Panpsychism supports the idea that everything inthe universe has a mind or mentality in some degree. This theory implies thateverything in the universe have a potential to be a subject. However, thisapproach causes to subject-summing problem and it does not explainsubjectivity. As a last theory, agnosticism expresses that it is notprincipally possible to know the nature of consciousness. Thus, it is not towrong to say that agnosticism does not provide us to explain phenomenal consciousness.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>bilinç</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  deneyim</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  fenomenal özne</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  idealizm</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  materyalizm</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  düalizm</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  panpsişizm</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  agnostik gizemcilik</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>consciousness</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  experience</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  phenomenal subject</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  idealism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  materialism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  dualism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  panpsychism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  agnosticism</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
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