COMPARATIVE CONTAINER PORT EFFICIENCY: TURKEY AND EUROPEAN PORTS

Abstract

Due to the increase in global transportation, companies are now focused on more efficient operation of their systems. In the maritime sector, efficiency studies are carried out on ports which are the place of interaction of land and sea stages of international transportation. Efficiency studies about ports have been carried out in many areas such as capacities of the ports, hinterland, number of incoming and outgoing ships, processing times and handling quantities. Thence, the companies saw the deficiencies in the ports and headed towards shortcomings and aimed to improve their ports efficiency. In this study, the European (15) and Turkey (15) port efficiency was examined by analysis of two different modeling methods. For the port efficiency, the length of the docks, the port depth, the terminal area and the amount of TEU handled were taken into consideration in models. These data were utilized and evaluated separately in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Hotelling T-square methods. Efficiency values of Europe and Turkey ports were examined with DEA. It is concluded that European ports are used more efficiently than Turkish ports. Even the best Turkish port ranked 10th in the overall ranking. Next, Hotelling T-square analysis were utilized to find out reason of differences between Europe and Turkeys ports. Results show that almost all Turkey ports has lower efficiency values than European ports. In Turkey ports, it has reached the conclusion that the utilization of terminal area and the quay length are not operating efficiently.

Keywords

• Data envelopment analysis
• Hotelling
• Maritime
• Port Efficiency

References

1. Adams, D. M., Overholser, J. C. and Spirito, A. (1994). “Stressful life events associated with adolescent suicide attempts.” The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 43-48.
2. Ateş, A., Esmer, S., Çakir, E. and Balci, K. (2013). “Karadeniz konteyner terminallerinin göreceli etkinlik analizi.” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-22.
3. Banker, R. D., Charnes, A. and Cooper, W. W. (1984). “Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis.” Management Science, Vol. 30, No. 9, pp. 1078-1092.
4. Barros, C. P. (2003). “Incentive regulation and efficiency of Portuguese port authorities.” Maritime Economics & Logistics, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 55-69.
5. Bichou, K. (2013). “An empirical study of the impacts of operating and market conditions on container-port efficiency and benchmarking.” Research in Transportation Economics, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 28-37.
6. Bircan, H. and Biyan, M. (2016). “Oturuş şeklinin vücut sağlığı ve okuma hızı üzerindeki etkisinin hotelling T2 yöntemi ile incelenmesi.” Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 731-744.
7. Çetin, S. and Birgören, B. (2007). “Çok değişkenli kalite kontrol çizelgelerinin döküm sanayiinde uygulanması.” Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 809-818.
8. Cullinane, K. P. and Wang, T.F. (2006). “The efficiency of European container ports: a cross-sectional data envelopment analysis.” International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 19-31.

9. Cullinane, K., Ji, P. and Wang, T. F. (2005). “The relationship between privatization and DEA estimates of efficiency in the container port industry.” Journal of Economics and Business, Vol. 57, No. 5, pp. 433-462.
10. Cullinane, K., Wang, T.-F., Song, D.-W. and Ji, P. (2006). “The technical efficiency of container ports: comparing data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier analysis.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 354-374.
11. Gökçek, V. and Şenol, Y.E. (2018). “Efficiency analysis of mediterranean container ports.” Journal of ETA Maritime Science, Vol. 6, No.3, pp. 129-140.
12. Holmes, E. et al., (2008). “Human metabolic phenotype diversity and its association with diet and blood pressure.” Nature, Vol. 453, No.1, pp. 396-400.
13. IMEAK Turkish Chamber of Shipping, (2016). Deniz Ticareti, Haziran Sayısı Liman Eki, Istanbul.
14. İSTATİSTİK BİLGİ SİSTEMİ, T.C. Ulaştırma Denizcilik ve Haberleme Bakanlığı, Deniz Ticareti Genel Müdürlüğü, https://atlantis.udhb.gov.tr/istatistik/istatistik_konteyner.aspx [Accessed 05 Apr 2018].
15. Kocakoç, İ. D. (2003). “Veri Zarflama Analizi’ndeki Ağirlik Kisitlamalarinin Belirlenmesinde Analitik Hiyerarşi Sürecinin Kullanımı.” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 1-12.
16. Kim, M. and Sachish, A. (1986). “The structure of production, technical change and productivity in a port.” Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. 35, No.2, pp. 209-223.
17. Liu, T., et al., (2018). “Observational study on the impact of corneal power on refractive status of patients after small incision lenticule extraction surgery.” Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 48-54.
18. Lloyd’s List, (2016). Top 100 Container Ports 2016, Informa UK Ltd, England.
19. Lovell, C.A.K., and Rouse A.P.B. (2003). “Equivalent standard DEA models to provide super-efficiency scores.” Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 101-108.
20. Mousavizadeh, R. and Khalili-Damghani, K. (2017). “Cooperative mechanism based on data envelopment analysis and artificial neural network to measure efficiency: case study of Iranian ports.” International Journal of Applied Decision Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 52-68.
21. Roll, Y. and Hayuth, Y. (1993). “Port performance comparison applying data envelopment analysis (DEA).” Maritime policy and Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 153-161.
22. Schøyen, H. and Odeck, J. (2013). “The technical efficiency of Norwegian container ports: A comparison to some Nordic and UK container ports using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA).” Maritime Economics & Logistics, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 197-221.
23. Talley, W. K. (1994). “Performance indicators and port performance evaluation.” Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 339-352.
24. Talley, W.K. (1998). “Optimum throughput and performance evaluation of marine terminals.” Maritime Policy and Management, Vol.15, No. 4, pp. 327– 331.
25. Tongzon, J.L. (2001). “Efficiency measurement of selected Australian and other international ports using data envelopment analysis.” Transportation Research Part a: Policy and Practice, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 107-122.
26. Tongzon, J.L. (1995). “Determinants of Port Performance and Efficiency.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 245–252.
27. UNCTAD (2016). Review of Marine Transport 2016, New York & Geneva, ISBN 978-92-1-112904-5.
28. Wiśnicki, B., Chybowski, L. and Czarnecki, M. (2017). “Analysis of the efficiency of port container terminals with the use of the data envelopment analysis method of relative productivity evaluation.” Management Systems in Production Engineering, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 9-15.