EN
TR
A Character’s Transition from Light to Darkness: A Critical Analysis of Zahhâk’s Visual Depiction in Islamic Painting
Abstract
As one of the important characters of medieval Islamic art, Zahhâk has been the subject of various works for centuries. Associated with evil, Zahhâk was transformed into a cruel man by the Satan, and this was used as a symbol to describe the ruthless rulers. In classical Iranian narrations, he was recognized as a very powerful giant created with three mouths, three heads and six eyes as well as a ruler who dethroned Jamshid. This character, who took place in religious texts such as the Avesta and the Old Testament, in historical texts such as the History of Tabari and in mythological narratives, was depicted in medieval Islamic art on metals, ceramics and frescoes without much connection with the texts. Besides, Firdawsi’s Shahnama is among the most referenced sources within the literary texts. The aim of this study is to identify some of the most repeated scenes among the copies of Firdawsi Shahnamahs illustrated from the 14th century and make an evaluation on the depictions of Zahhâk by ordering them chronologically according to their subjects. In the examples examined, these illustrated copies, which were prepared by rulers and administrators such as Abu Said, Iskender Sultan, Baysungur, Muhammad Juki, Ibrahim Sultan, Pir Budak bin Shah Jahan, Sultan Ali Mirza, Shah Tahmasp, Shah Ismail II, Shah Abbas and Sultan Murad II during the Mongol, Timurid, Safavid, Turkmen and Ottoman periods, were illustrated by Mir Musavvir, Sultan Muhammad, Mir Zeynalabidin, Nakdi and many anonymous painters. In these paintings, which were prepared between the 14th and 18th centuries in important illustrated manuscript production centers such as Herat, Tabriz, Shiraz, Mazenderan, Qazvin, Isfahan and Istanbul, the subject of "nailing Zahhâk to Mount Demâvend" stands out the most whereas the least illustrated subject is the scene of "Zahhâk's murder of his father, Mirdas". The defeat of the cruel ruler Zahhâk, with serpents on his shoulders, supports an understanding in Islamic literature that emphasizes good will always win over evil. Similarly, Islamic painting, just like other decorative arts, has served this idea, as well.
Keywords
Kaynakça
- Arberry, A. vd. The Chester Beatty Library A Catalogue Of The Persian Manuscripts And Miniatures Vol.I, (Ed. Edıted J. V. S. Wilkinson), Dublin: Hodges Figgis & Co. Ltd., 1959.
- Atasoy, Nurhan. “Four Istanbul Albums and Some Fragments from Fourte-enth-Century Shah-Namehs”, Ars Orientalis 8 (1970), 19-48.
- Bağcı, Serpil vd. Osmanlı Resim Sanatı. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, 2012.
- Blair, Shelia - Bloom J. M. The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995.
- Canby, Shelia R. Princes, Poets and Paladins: Islamic and Indian Paintings from the Collection of Prince and Princess Sadruddin Aga Khan, The British Museum Press: London, 2000.
- Canby, Shelia R. The Golden Age of Persian Art 1501-1722, London: British Museum Press, 2008.
- Çağman, Filiz -Zeren Tanındı. Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi İslam Minyatürleri, İstanbul: Tercüman Sanat ve Kültür Yayınları, 1979.
- Curtis, V. S. Persian Myths, London: The British Museum Press, 2009.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
Türkçe
Konular
Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Yayımlanma Tarihi
15 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi
28 Temmuz 2023
Kabul Tarihi
12 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 1970 Sayı: 10