manas j agr vet life sci Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences 1694-7932 1694-7932 Kırgızistan Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi 10.53518/mjavl.1288502 Structural Biology Yapısal Biyoloji Chitosan Application Against the Negative Effects of Salt Stress in Tomato Cultivation Domates Yetiştiriciliğinde Tuz Stresinin Olumsuz Etkilerine Karşı Kitosan Uygulaması https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3424-7012 Bulut Hüseyin ERZİNCAN BİNALİ YILDIRIM ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK YÜKSEKOKULU https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8977-0831 Öztürk Halil İbrahim ERZİNCAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ 07 01 2023 13 1 31 39 04 27 2023 06 12 2023 Copyright © 2013, Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences 2013 Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences

Production efficiency has become increasingly important when soil salinity is added to causes such as climate changes, wars, population growth, and a decrease in agricultural lands. Salinity significantly affects plant growth. Therefore, studies on this subject have intensified. Organic solutions are focused on protecting plant growth from salt stress. In this study, chitosan biopolymer was applied to alleviate salt stress in tomato seedlings. Plant defense reflexes against salt stress were investigated by changes in the enzyme levels of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Malondialdehyde (MDA). It was determined that chitosan applied for salt stress significantly affected SOD, CAT, and MDA enzyme levels. It can be stated that chitosan is a valuable and reasonable tool for protection from abiotic stresses. In addition, it has been determined that enzyme values are helpful in determining the factors that cause stress in plants and in elucidating the vegetative response mechanisms.

Küresel düzeyde meydana gelen iklim değişiklikleri, savaşlar, nüfus artışı, tarım arazilerindeki azalma gibi nedenlere toprak tuzluluğu da eklenince üretim verimliliği giderek önem kazanmıştır. Tuzluluk bitki gelişmesini önemli derecede etkilemektedir. Bundan dolayı bu konuda çalışmalar yoğunlaşmıştır. Bitki gelişimini tuz stresinden korumak için organik çözümlere odaklanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada domates fidelerinde tuz stresini hafifletmek için kitosan biyopolimeri uygulanmıştır. Tuz stresine karşı bitki savunma refleksleri Süperoksit Dismutaz (SOD), Katalaz (CAT) ve Malondialdehit (MDA) enzim seviyelerindeki değişim ile incelenmiştir. Tuz stresi için uygulanan kitosanın anlamlı derecede SOD, CAT ve MDA enzim seviyelerini etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Kitosanın abiyotik streslerden korunmak için kullanışlı ve makul bir araç olduğu ifade edilebilir. Ayrıca enzim değerlerinin bitkilerde strese neden olan etkenlerin tespitinde ve bitkisel yanıt mekanizmalarının aydınlatılmasında kullanışlı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

 Abiyotik stres CAT MDA SOD Solanum lycopersicum L. Abiotic stress CAT MDA SOD Solanum lycopersicum L. Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü (BAP) FBA-2021-765 Aebi, H. (1984). B. Isolation, purification, characterization, and assay of antioxygenic enzymes, Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology, 105, 121-126 Ahmad, P., Alyemeni, M. N., Abass Ahanger, M., Wijaya, L., Alam, P., Kumar, A. ve Ashraf, M. (2018). Upregulation of antioxidant and glyoxalase systems mitigates NaCl stress in Brassica juncea by supplementation of zinc and calcium. J. Plant Interact., 13 (x), pp. 151-162, Doi: 10.1080/17429145.2018.1441452 Alcázar, R., Bueno, M. ve Tiburcio, A. F. (2020). Polyamines: small amines with large effects on plant abiotic stress tolerance. Cells, 9, p. 2373, doi: 10.3390/CELLS9112373 Amri, S. M. (2013). Improved growth, productivity and quality of tomato plants through application of skimmic acid. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 20, pp. 339-345 Asim, A., Gökçe, Z. N. Ö., Bakhsh, A., Çayli, İ. T., Aksoy, E., Çalişkan, S., Çalişkan, M. E. ve Demirel, U. (2021). Individual and combined effect of drought and heat stresses in contrasting potato cultivars overexpressing miR172b-3p. Turk J. Agric., 45, 651-668, doi: 10.3906/tar-2103-60 Beauchamp, C. ve Fridovich, I. (1971) Superoxide Dismutase: Improved Assays and an Assay Applicable to Acrylamide Gels. Analytical Biochemistry, 44, 276-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(71)90370-8 Buetter, C. L., Specht, C. A. ve Levitz, S. M. (2013). Innate sensing of chitin and chitosan. PLOS Pathogens, 9, Article e1003080 Bulut, H. (2020). Arpada Tuz Stresine Karşı Zingeronun Koruyucu Etkisi . Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 10 (4) , 2932-2942 . DOI: 10.21597/jist.686577 Chaudhry, U. K., Gökçe, Z. N. ve Gökçe, A. F. (2020). Effects of salinity and drought stresses on the physio- morphological attributes of onion cultivars at bulbification stage. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 24 , 1681-1689, doi:10.17957/IJAB/15.1611 Chen, D., Shao, Q., Yin, L., Younis ve A., Zheng, B. (2019). Polyamine function in plants: Metabolism, regulation on development, and roles in abiotic stress responses. Front. Plant Sci., 9, 1945, doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01945 Colman, S. L., Salcedo, M. F., Mansilla, A. Y., Iglesias, M. J., Fiol, D. F., Saldana, S. M., …, ve Casalongue, C. A. (2019). Chitosan microparticles improve tomato seedling biomass and modulate hormonal, redox and defense pathways. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 143, pp. 203-211 Demirel, U., Morris, W. L., Ducreux, L. J., Yavuz, C., Asim, A., Tindas, I., Campbell, R., Morris, J. A., Verrall, S. R., Hedley, P. E. ve Gokce, Z. N. (2020). Physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional responses to single and combined abiotic stress in stress-tolerant and stress-sensitive potato genotypes. Front. Plant Sci., 11 (), p. 169 Du, Z. ve Bramlage. W. J. (1992). Modified thiobarbituric acid assay for measuring lipid oxidation in sugar-rich plant tissue extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, pp. 1566-1570 Escudero, N., Lopaz-Moya, F., Ghahrimani, Z., Zavala, E. A., Cordovilla, A., Ibanez, C. R., … ve Luis, V. (2017). Chitosan increases tomato root colonization by Pochonia chlamydosporia and their combination reduces root-knot nematode damage. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, p. 1415 FAO, The Future of Food and Agriculture, Food Agric. Organ. United Nations., 2017, 1–52. 〈http://www.fao.org/3/I8429EN/i8429en.pdf〉 (accessed January 03, 2023). Farooq, M., Gogoi, N., Hussain, M., Barthakur, S., Paul, S., Bharadwaj, N., Migdadi, H. M., Alghamdi, S.S. ve Siddique, K. H. M. (2017). Effects, tolerance mechanisms and management of salt stress in grain legumes. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 118, pp. 199-217, 10.1016/J.PLAPHY.2017.06.020 Hidangmayum, A., Dwivedi, P., Katiyar, D. ve Hemantaranjan, A. (2019). Application of chitosan on plant responses with special reference to abiotic stress. Physiology and molecular biology of plants, 25(2), 313-326. Hussain, M. I., Elnaggar, A., El-Keblawy, A. (2021). Eco-physiological adaptations of Salsola drummondii to soil salinity: role of reactive oxygen species, ion homeostasis, carbon isotope signatures and anti-oxidant feedback. Plant Biosyst., 155 (x), pp. 1133-1145 Hipolito, H. H., Morales, S. G., Mendoza, A. B., Ortis, H. O., Pliego, G. C., Maldonado, A. J. (2018). Effects of chitosan- PVA and Cu nanoparticles on the growth and antioxidant capacity of tomato under saline stress. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 23, p. 178 Kang, L. Y., Lu, Q. S., Shao, H. B. ve Shi, P. (2017). Effects of drought on NDVI of winter wheat growth in Binzhou irrigation region, Jiangsu J. Agric. Sci., 33, pp. 83-93 Kashyap, R. L., Xiang, X. ve Heiden, P. (2015). Chitosan nanoparticle based delivery systems for sustainable agriculture. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 77, pp. 36-51 Kheiri, A., Moosawijorf, S. A., Malipour, A., Saremi, H. ve Nikkhah, M. (2016). Application of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles for the control of Fusarium head blight of wheat (Fusarium graminearum) in vitro and green house. International Journal for Biological Macromolecules, 93, pp. 1261-1272 Leisner, C. P. (2020). Review: climate change impacts on food security- focus on perennial cropping systems and nutritional value. Plant Sci., 293, doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110412 Li, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, Y. ve Martin, C. (2018). Can the world’s favorite fruit, tomato, provide an effective biosynthetic chassis for high-value metabolites?. Plant Cell Reports, 37, pp. 1443-1450 Li, X. X., Huang, P., Zhuang, H. D., Du, Y. P. (2016). Research advances of stress tolerance in sweet sorghum, Jiangsu J. Agric. Sci., 32, pp. 1429-1433 Liang, W., Ma, X., Wan, P. ve Liu, L. (2018).Plant salt-tolerance mechanism: a review. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 495, pp. 286-291, doi:10.1016/J.BBRC.2017.11.043 Liu, Y., Wisniewski, M., Kennedy, J. F., Jiang, Y., Tang, J. ve Liu, J. (2016). Chitosan and oilgochitosan enhance ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) resistance to rhizome rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum in storage. Carbohydrate Polymers, 151, pp. 474-479 Malafaia, C. B., Silva, T. D., Jordao, D. O., Almeida, C. M., Silva, M. L., Corretia, M. T. ve Silva, M. V. (2013). Evaluation of the resistance and differential induction of chitinase in tomato in response to inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici. Journal of Plant Physiology and Pathology, 1 , p. 3 Manonga, T. ve Kumar, A. (2017). Effect of growth promoting and resistance inducing chemicals on yield attributing characteristics of Tomato. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 11, pp. 1479-1485 Mittler, R., Zandalinas, S. I., Fichman, Y. ve Van Breusegem, F. (2022). Reactive oxygen species signalling in plant stress responses. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 23, pp. 663-679 Mukta, J. A., Rahman, M., Sabir, A. A., Gupta, D. R., Sunvy, M. Z., … ve Tofazzal Islam, M. (2017). Chitosan as plant probiotics application enhance growth and yield of strawberry. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 11, pp. 9-18 Muley, A. B., Shingote, P. R., Patil, A. P., Dalvi, S. G. ve Suprasanna, P. (2019). Gamma radiation degradation of chitosan for application in growth promotion and induction of stress tolerance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Carbohydrate polymers, 210, 289-301. Murshed, R., Lopez-Lauri, F. ve Sallanon, H. (2014). Effect of salt stress on tomato fruit antioxidant systems depends on fruit development stage. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. Jan; 20(1): 15–29. Pichyangkura, R. ve Chandchawan, S. (2015). Biostimulant activity of chitosan in horticulture. Scientia Horticulture, 196, pp. 49-65 Rendina, N., Nuzzaci, M., Sofo, A., Campiglia, P., Scopa, A., Sommella, E., … ve Manfra, M. (2019). Yield parameters and antioxidant compounds of tomato fruit : the role of plant defence inducers with or without cucumber mosaic virus infection. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99, pp. 5541-5549 Romanazi, G., Feliziani, E. ve Sivakumar, D. (2018). Chitosan, a biopolymer with triple action on postharvest decay of fruit and vegetables: eliciting, antimicrobial and film forming properties. Frontiers of Microbiology, 9, p. 2745 Saharan, V., Sharma, G., Yadav, M., Choudhary, M. K., Sharma, S. S., Pal, A. (2015). Synthesis and in vitro antifungal efficacy of Cu-chitosan nanoparticles against pathogenic fungi of Tomato. International Journal for Biological Maromolecule, 75, pp. 346-353 Santos, V. P., Marques, N. S. S., Maia, P. S. V., Lima, M. A. B., Franco, L. O. ve Takaki, G. M. (2020). Seafood waste as attractive source of chitin and chitosan production and their applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21, p. 4290 Semida, W. M., El-Mageed, A., Taia, A., Abdelkhalik, A., Hemida, K. A., Abdurrahman, H. A., Howladar, S. M., Leilah, A. A. ve Rady, M. O. (2021). Selenium modulates antioxidant activity, osmoprotectants, and photosynthetic efficiency of onion under saline soil conditions. Agronomy, 11, p. 855 Shams, P. L. (2018). Effect of chitosan on antioxidant enzyme activity, proline, and malondialdehyde content in Triticum aestivum L. and Zea maize L. under salt stress condition. Plant Physiology, 9(1), 2661-2670. Siegel, K. R., Ali, M. K., Srinivasiah, A., Nugent, R. A. ve Narayan, K. M V. (2014). Do we produce enough fruits and vegetables to meet global health need?. Plos One, 9, Article e104059 Tandra, S. Z., Hassan, L., Hannan, A., Jahan, J. ve Sagor, G. H. M. (2022). Screening and biochemical responses of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) genotypes for salt tolerance. Acta Physiol. Plant., 44, pp. 1-13 Wang, M., Chen, Y., Zhang, R., Wang, W., Zhao, X., Du, Y.ve Yin, H. (2015). Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides on the yield components and production quality of different wheat cultivars in northwest China. Field Crops Research, 172, pp. 11-20 Zehra, A., Meena, M., Dubey, M. K., Aamir, M. ve Upadhyay, R. S. (2017). Synergistic effects of plant defense elicitors and Trichoderma harzianum on enhanced induction of antioxidant defense system in tomato against Fusarium wilt disease. Botanical Studies, 58, p. 44 Zhou, J., Wu, J. C., Du, B. M., Li, P. L. (2016). A comparative study on drought resistances of four species of lianas, Jiangsu J. Agric. SCI, 32, pp. 674-679