manas j agr vet life sci Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences 1694-7932 1694-7932 Kırgızistan Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi 10.53518/mjavl.1327332 Botany (Other) Bitki Bilimi (Diğer) Chemical Characteristics and Biotechnological Potentials of Mumio https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0927-5978 Abylaeva Anarkhan KYRGYZ - TURKISH MANAS UNIVERSITY, RECTORATE https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1506-7913 Kaya Yilmaz Kırgız Turk Manas Üniversitesi 12 22 2023 13 2 187 195 07 14 2023 10 04 2023 Copyright © 2013, Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences 2013 Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences

Mumio is a valuable substance that ranges in color from pale brown to blackish-brown and is obtained from rock layers in various mountain ranges worldwide, particularly in the Tien Shan ranges of Kyrgyzstan. It is also a natural chemical found largely in the Himalayas, created over ages by the progressive degradation of particular plants by bacteria. Mumio is essentially a nutraceutical product with considerable human health advantages. To fully appreciate the predicted impact of mumio use in the medical area, particularly in neurological sciences, more research at both the fundamental biology level and through well-designed clinical trials is required. This involves a thorough examination of the various organic and inorganic elements that contribute to Mumio's therapeutic efficacy.The paper also dives into the results of Mumio's comprehensive biological and biotechnological analyses. These scientific research have revealed the mechanisms of action of this natural chemical and confirmed its medicinal claims. The article seeks to offer a full review of Mumio by merging traditional medicine knowledge, chemical analysis, and scientific assessments, stressing its relevance in traditional medicine and its potential for life science activities.

 Mumio Therapeutic value Traditional medicine Acharya, S. B., Frotan, M. H., Goel, R. K., Tripathi, S. K., Das P. K. (1998). Pharmacological actions of shilajit. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 26(10), 775-777. Aiello, A., Fattorusso, E., Menna, M., Vitalone, R., Schröder, H. C., Müller, W. E.(2011). Mumijo traditional medicine: fossil deposits from antarctica (chemical composition and beneficial bioactivity). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 738131. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nen072 Amitava, D., Soma, D., Brian, R., Mithun, S., Muruganandam, V., Gayle, G., & Sashwati, R. (2016). The Human Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome in Response to Oral Shilajit Supplementation. J Med Food, 19 (7), 701–709. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2016.0010 Azizi, S., Kheirandiah, R., Azari, O., & Torabi, N. (2018). Potential pharmaceutic effect of Shilajit (mumie) on experimental osteoarthritis in rat. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 27, 755-764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2662-0 Behrman, S. and Martin, R. (2013). Modern Concepts in Pancreatic Surgery, An Issue of Surgical Clinics, E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences. eBook ISBN: 9781455773626. Bhattacharya, S.K., Sen, A. P. Ghosal, S. (1995). Effects of Shilajit on biogenic free radicals. Phytotherapy Research 9(1), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650090113 Cagno, V., Donalisio, M., Civra, A., Cagliero, C., Rubiolo, P., Lembo, D. (2015). In Vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Properties of Shilajit and Investigation of its Mechanisms of Action. J Ethnopharmacol:166:129-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.019. Carrasco-Gallardo, C., Guzman, L., & Maccioni, R. B, (2012). Shilajit: A natural phytocomplex with potential precognitive activity. Internat. J. Alzheimers Dis, 2012,674142. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/674142. Chavda, N., Riddhi, R., Hitesh, S (2022). An Overview Of Historical Background Of Ethnobotany And Indigenous Culture Of India. İnternational Journal of Creative Research Thoughts. 10(4):738-751 Chopra, N. R., Chopra, I. C., Handa, L. K., Kapoor, K. D. (1958). In Indigenous Drugs of India. Calcutta, India: U.N. Dhar & Sons. Choudhary, S. P., Singh, A.K., Dwivedi, K. N. (2016). Medicinal properties of Shilajit – A review. Indian Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, 2(1), 103-106. Choudhury, H., Pandey, M., Hua, C. K., Mun, C. S., Jing, J. K., Kong, L., Ern, L. Y., Ashraf, N. A., Kit, S. W., Yee, T.S., Pichika, M. R., Gorain, B., Kesharwani, P. (2017). An update on natural compounds in the remedy of diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. J Tradit Complement Med. 8(3):361-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.08.012. Cornejo, A., Jiménez, J.M., Caballero, L., Melo, F., Maccioni, R. B. (2011). Fulvic acid inhibits aggregation and promotes disassembly of tau fibrils associated with alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 27(1):143–153. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2011-110623 Ding, R., Zhao, M., Fan, J., Hu, X., Wang, M., Zhong, S., Gu, R(2020). Mechanisms of generation and exudation of Tibetan medicine Shilajit (Zhaxun). Chin Med 15:65. doi: 10.1186/s13020-020-00343-9. Doosti, F., Dashti, S., Tabatabai, S. M., Hosseinzadeh, H. (2013). Traditional Chinese and Indian medicine in the treatment of opioid-dependence: a review. Avicenna J Phytomed, 3(3):205-15. Garedew, A., Fiest, M., Schmolz, E., Lamprecht, I. (2004). Thermal analysis of mumiyo, the legendary folk remedy from the Himalaya region. Thermochimica Acta, 417, 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2003.09.034 Geçgelen cesur, M., Öğrenim, G., Gülle, K., Şirin, F. B., Akpolat Ferah, M., & Cesur, G. (2019). Shilajit in hızlı maksiller genişleme tedavisinde yeni kemik oluşumu üzerine etkisi var mı Biyokimyasal histolojik ve immünohistokimyasal bir çalışma. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.511364 Ghasemkhani, N., Tabrizi, A.S., Namazi, F., Nazifi S(2021). Treatment effects of Shilajit on aspirin-induced gastric lesions in rats. Physiol Rep, 9 (7), p. e14822 https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14822 Gheorghe, D.I., Constantinescu-Aruxandei, D., Lupu, C., Oancea, F. (2022). Emulsifying Effect of Fulvic Acids from Shilajit. Chem. Proc. 7, 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemproc2022007023 Ghosal, S,, Jawahar, L., Sushil, K., Gautam, D., Joydeep, B. Mita, M., Salil, K., Bhattacharya, S. K. (1989). Mast cell protecting effects of shilajit and its constituents, Phytother.Res.3.249e252.https://doi- org.lproxy.yeditepe.edu.tr/10.1002/ptr.2650030606 Ghosal, S., (1990). Chemistry of Shilajit, an immunomodulatory Ayurvedic rasayan, Pure and Applied Chemistry. 62, 1285-1288. Ghosal, S. (1992). Shilajit: Its origin and significance in living matter. Indian J Indig Med, 9(1): 1–3. Ghosal, S. (1993). Shilajit: Its origin and vital significance. In Traditional Medicine, Mukherjee B (ed.). Oxford – IBH: New Delhi, 308–319. Ghosal, S., Singh, S. K., Kumar, Y., Srivastava, R. S., Goel, R. K., Dey, R., Bhattacharya, S.K.(1988). Anti-ulcerogenic activity of fulvic acids and 40-Methoxy-6-Carbomethoxybiphenyl isolated from Shilajit. Phytother. Res, 2.187e191. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650020408 Ghosal, S., Lal, J., Singh, S. K., Goel, R. K., Jaiswal, A. K., Bhattacharya, S. K. (1991). The need for formulation of Shilajit by its isolated active constituents. Phytother Res.5:211-216. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650050505 Gregory, J.; Vengalasetti, Y.V.; Bredesen, D.E.; Rao, R.V(2021). Neuroprotective Herbs for the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules 11, 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11040543 Goel, R., Banerjee, R., Acharya, S. (1990). Antiulcerogenic and anti-inflammatory studies with shilajit. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 29(1), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(90)90102-y Kangari, P., Roshangar, L., Iraji, A (2022). Accelerating effect of Shilajit on osteogenic property of adipose- derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). J Orthop Surg Res 17, 424. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-022-03305-z Kaur, S., Kumar, P., Kumar, D., Kharya, M. D., Singh, N. (2013). Parasympathomimetic effect of shilajit accounts for relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum. Am J Mens Health. 7(2):119-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988312462738 Kishor, P., Bimala, S., Nagendra, T. (2012). Shilajit: Humic matter panacea for cancer. Int. J. Toxicol. Pharmacol. Res, 4, 17–25. Khanna, S., Das, A., Spieldenner, J., Rink, C., Roy, S. (2015). Supplementation of a standardized extract from Phyllanthus emblica improves cardiovascular risk factors and platelet aggregation in overweight/class-1 obese adults. Med Food. 18:415–420. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2014.0178 Kloskowski, T., Szeliski, K., Krzeszowiak, K., Fekner, Z., Kazimierski, Ł., Jundziłł, A., Drewa, T., Pokrywczyńska, M. (2021). Mumio (Shilajit) as a potential chemotherapeutic for the urinary bladder cancer treatment. Sci Rep 11(1), 22614. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01996-8 Meena, H., Pandey, H. K., Arya, M.C., Ahmed, Z. (2010). Shilajit: A panacea for high-altitude problems. Int J Ayurveda Res, 1(1):37-40. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7788.59942 Mirza, M. A., Alam, M. N., Faiyazuddin, M., Mahmood, D., Bairwa, R., Mustafa, G. (2010). Shilajit: An Ancient Panacea. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res,1(1):2-11. Mishra, T., Harcharan, S. D., Karan. S., Nasib, S. (2019). Shilajit (Mumie): Current Status of Biochemical, Therapeutic and Clinical Advances. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 15(2),104-120. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401313666170823160217 Ojha, R., Ankit, K. G., Richa, P., Sanjay, K. P. (2021). Shilajit an elixir of Ayurveda: A literary review of traditional usage as well as modern findings. Int J Appl Res, 7(8):323-332. https://doi.org/10.22271/allresearch.2021.v7.i8e.8883 Öztürk, A. O., Esin, B., & Selçuk, M. (2022). Bal Arısı Sperma Sulandırıcısına Katılan Shilajitin Spermanın Dondurulması Üzerine Etkileri. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 25, 591–596. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1031295 Pandey, P. S. (2019). Shilajit - A Wonder Drug of Ayurveda: An Overview. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 59(1);140- 143. Pandit, S., Biswas, S., Jana, U., De, R. K., Mukhopadhyay, S. C., Biswas, T. K. (2016). Clinical evaluation of purified Shilajit on testosterone levels in healthy volunteers. Andrologia.48(5): 570-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12482 Pravin, C. A., Sunayana, R. V. (2022). Shilajit: a wonder drug of Ayurveda. World journal of pharmaceutical and medical research. 8(4), 125–127. Rahmani Barouji, S., Saber, A., Torbati, M., Fazljou, S. M. B., Yari Khosroushahi, A.(2020). Health Beneficial Effects of Moomiaii in Traditional Medicine. Galen Med J. 27;9:e1743. https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1743 Raisa, S., and Swati, P., (2018). Analytical evaluation of Shilajit from different geographical origins. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 4(3), 335-341. Schepetkin, I.A., Gang, X., Mark, A., Mark, T. Q. (2009). Complement-fixing Activity of Fulvic Acid from Shilajit and Other Natural Sources. Phytotherapy Research, 23, 373–384 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2635. Schepetkin, I. A., Khlebnikov, A., Kwon, B. S. (2002). Medical drugs from humus matter: focus on mumie. Drug Development Research, 57(1),140–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.10058 Schepetkin, I. A., Khlebnikov, A., Ah, S. Y., Woo, S. B., Jeong, C., Klubachuk, O. N., Kwon, B. S.(2003). Characterization and biological activities of humic substances from mumie. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 5245–5254. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf021101e Shakir, N., Salim, N., Bhatty, M. K., Karimullah (1965). Studies on‘Silajit’ (Asphalt) Part-I. Pak J Sci Industr Res 28– 30. Singh, T.R., Gupta, L. N., Kumar, N., Kumar, V. (2016). Assessment of anti-diabetic potential of Shilajatvadi Lauha processed with Daruharidra in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Indian j health sci. 9(3), 08-14. https://doi.org/10.4103/2349-5006.196334 Suraj, P., Agarwal, R. K., Ritesh, K., Khalid, A., Roop, K. K. (2007). Shilajit: A Review. Phytother. Res. 21, 401–405 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2100 Shalini, S.R. (2009). Antifungal activity screening and hplc analysis of crude extract from Tectona grandis, shilajit, Valeriana wallachi. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry.8(4):218–229. Sweah, J., Mohammed. Z., Malik F. H., Kadim A. (2023). Preparation and Study of Mechanical properties of Polymer Blends from Recycled Materials Polymethylmethacryalate with Different Ratios of polyester and Shilajit. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 66(4):109-113.https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2022.140686.6162 Tyler, J. N., Prakash, K. S., Robert, W. S., John, P. V., Anders, J. E., Arnett, R. J., Schmidt, G. O., Johnson, S. K., Terry, J. H. (2022). Effects of 8 Weeks of Shilajit Supplementation on Serum Pro-c1α1, a Biomarker of Type 1 Collagen Synthesis: A Randomized Control Trial. Journal of Dietary Supplements, https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2022.2157522 Warade, D.D., Bhosale, P.M. (2023). A Review On Herbal Cosmetics Used In Skin And Hair Care. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, 05(04), 5662-5671. https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS37305 Wilson, E., Rajamanickam, G. V., Dubey, G.P., Petra, K., Frauke, M., F, J. S., Thomas R., Andreas, M., Gustav J. D. (2011). Review on shilajit used in traditional Indian medicine.JournalofEthnopharmacology.136(1):1–9. https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.033 Zandraa, O., Fahanwi, A. N., Rahul, P., Hau Trung, N., Marjan, M., Nabanita, S., Tomáš, S., Petr, S. (2021). Development of dual crosslinked mumio-based hydrogel dressing for wound healing application: Physico- chemistry and antimicrobial activity. International Journalof Pharmaceutics, 607(2),120952 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120952 Zhao, M. M., Gu, R., Fan, J. Y.,(2018) Research progress of Tibetan medicine ‘Zha-xun’ Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. ;43(8):1554-1562. https://doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20180122.001