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“Life, Liberty, & the Pursuit of Happiness:” The Question of Race and National Belonging in Safer Sex Education

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 13, 37 - 74, 24.05.2020

Öz

Since the first wave of the ongoing AIDS crisis in the USA, there has been a variety of approaches in HIV prevention directed towards diverse audiences: women and men of multiple races and sexual orientations, teenagers, and drug users. However, since gay men’s organizations have traditionally acquired the most funding in the HIV sector, the majority of promotional materials has been centering a representation of young, male, and white figures. This paper touches upon the emergence of the so called “nationalist” genre in safer sex advertising to tackle questions of race, sexuality, and national belonging. Drawing on close analysis of archival ephemera, the paper argues that the visual cultures of this genre correspond with the gradual rise of homonationalist politics in the early to mid-90s that has had a mission to support a creation of an obedient homosexual citizen–consumer. The paper supplements the study of homonationalism by suggesting that public health campaigns oriented towards homosexual audiences have also had a major role in supporting and advertising the politics of inclusion in a white heterosexist majority. When AIDS organizations were faced with inability to tackle the question of race in regards to high rates of HIV among populations of color, they turned to implementing multicultural politics to engage racial politics. However, as the visual analysis of the campaigns shows, the representation of cultural difference merely replicates the visual politics of white gay male cultures, whose proximity to racial and gender normativity is expressed through appropriating the aesthetics of archetypal straight masculinity. Hence, the coinciding promotion of gay male citizenship in the HIV sector amid its attempt to animate the question of race, reflects the impossibility of the multicultural project: while AIDS organizations demonstrate their racial, gender, and ethnic sensibility by including diverse bodies in their HIV programming, they mobilize white male homosexual citizenship modeled upon traditional “heroic” masculinity. By its definition, such a model is not only exclusionary to racial and gender difference, but also beneficial for the maintenance of the U.S. nation-state and its racist, militant, and expansionary goals. The paper argues that multiculturalism in the HIV sector also appears in the service of homonationalism because instead of diminishing racial power hierarchies, it merely resignifies white middle class racial and gender normativity as “diversity.” Incorporation of “cultural minorities” into state-sponsored health protection suggests that the question of race is only skin deep, hence ignoring the problem of political classification systems that produce racial inequalities on a systemic level. Drawing on the statistics that propose that Black communities have been most vulnerable to the virus since the early 1980s, the paper concludes that multiculturalism in the HIV sector is only one system of power that maintains Black death as a fundamental part of Black life and by that reproduces the power hierarchies that sustain status quo.

Kaynakça

  • Azzarito, L. (2009). “The Rise of Corporate Curriculum: Fatness, Fitness, and Whiteness.” In J. W. and V. Hardwood (Ed.), Biopolitics and the Obesity Epidemic (pp. 183-196). London: Routledge.
  • Barthes, R. (1981). Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography. New York: The Noonday Press.
  • Black AIDS Institute (2016). The State of Aids in Black America: Black Lives Matter–What’s Prep Got to Do with It? Los Angeles: Black AIDS Institute.
  • Brier, J. (2009). Infectious Ideas: Us Political Responses to the Aids Crisis. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Butler, J. (1995). “Sexual Inversions.” In D. C. Stanton (Ed.), Discourses of Sexuality: From Aristotle to AIDS (pp. 344-361). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “HIV in the United States: At A Glance.” CDC, July 2015, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/35661/cdc_35661_DS1.pdf. Accessed 13 February, 2020.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “HIV and African Americans.” CDC, 30, January, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racialethnic/africanamericans/index.html. Accessed 13 February, 2020.
  • Chambers-Letson, J. T. (2013). A Race So Different. New York: New York University Press.
  • Chambliss, J. C, W. L. Svitavsky, and T. C. Donaldson (2013). Ages of Heroes, Eras of Men: Superheroes and the American Experience. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Cooter, R. and C. Stein (2010). “Visual Imagery and Epidemics in the Twentieth Century.” In D. Serlin (Ed.), Imagining Illness: Public Health and Visual Culture (pp. 169-192). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Dean, T. (2002). “Sameness without Identity.” Umbr(a): Sameness: 25-42.
  • DuCille, A. (1996). Skin Trade. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Duggan, L. (2003). The Twilight of Equality?: Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Escoffier, J. (1998). “The Invention of Safer Sex: Vernacular Knowledge, Gay Politics and Hiv Prevention.” Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 43: 1-30.
  • Ferguson, R. A. (2012). The Reorder of Things: The University and Its Pedagogies of Minority Difference. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Fialho, A. (2013). “SAFE SEX BANG: A Collection of Communities & Creatives in the Wake of AIDS.” In A. Fialho and D. Katz (Eds.), Safe Sex Bang (pp. 21-31). San Francisco: Center for Sex & Culture Gallery.
  • Fialho, A. and D. Katz (2013). Safe Sex Bang. San Francisco: Center for Sex & Culture Gallery.
  • Foucault, M (2003). “Society Must be Defended:” Lectures at the Collège De France, 1975-1976. New York: Picador.
  • Fuentes, M. A. (2019). Performance Constellations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC). Multiculturalism at GMHC. Gay Men’s Health Crisis records, 1975-1978, 1982-1999 (bulk 1982-1993), New York Public Library, Mss Col 1126, box 101, folder 4.
  • Geary, A. M (2014). Antiblack Racism and the Aids Epidemic: State Intimacies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Giami, A., and C. Perrey (2012). “Transformations in the Medicalization of Sex: Hiv Prevention between Discipline and Biopolitics.” Journal of Sex Research. 49(4): 353-361.
  • Gilman, S. L. (1995). Picturing Health and Illness: Images of Identity and Difference. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Gossett, C. (2014). “We will not Rest in Peace: Aids Activism, Black Radicalism, Queer and/or Trans Resistance.” In J. Haritaworn, A. Kuntsman and S. Posocco (Eds.), Queer Necropolitics (pp. 31-50). London: Routledge.
  • Hassler-Forest, D. (2012). Capitalist Superheroes: Caped Crusaders in the Neoliberal Age. Lanham: John Hunt Publishing.
  • Hartman, S. V. (1997). Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Helfand, W. H. (1990). To Your Health: An Exhibition of Posters in Contemporary Public Health Issues. Bethesda: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health.
  • Hong, G. K. (2012). “Existentially Surplus: Women of Color Feminism and the New Crises of Capitalism.” Glq New York. 18(1): 87-106.
  • Housing Work. “PrEP Heroes.” 2015, https://prepheroes.org/. Accessed 13 February, 2020.
  • Levine, M. P, and M. S. Kimmel (1998). Gay Macho: The Life and Death of the Homosexual Clone. New York: New York University Press.
  • Lupton, D. (1994). Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease and the Body. London: Sage Publications.
  • Lupton, D. (1995). The Imperative of Health. London: Sage Publications.
  • Lupton, D., and A. Peterson (1996). The New Public Health: Health and Self in the Age of Risk. London: Sage Publications.
  • Manning, Eli. “HAART in Art: Temporal Reflections on Artistic Representations Of HIV Medication.” Visual AIDS, September 2014, https://www.visualaids.org/gallery/detail/743. Accessed 6 March, 2020.
  • Marshall, W. E. (2005). “Aids, Race and the Limits of Science.” Social Science and Medicine. 60(11): 2515-2525.
  • Mbembe, A. (2003). “Necropolitics.” Public Culture. 15(1): 11-40.
  • Melamed, J. (2006). “The Spirit of Neoliberalism: from Racial Liberalism to Neoliberal Multiculturalism.” Social Text. 24(4): 1-24.
  • Mercer, K. (1994). Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge.
  • Meyer, R. (1995). “Warhol’s Clones.” In M. Dorenkamp and R. Henke (Eds.), Negotiating Gay and Lesbian Subjects (pp. 93-122). New York: Routledge, 1995.
  • Morgensen, S. L. (2010). “Settler Homonationalism: Theorizing Settler Colonialism Within Queer Modernities.” GLQ. 16: 105-131.
  • Kagan, D. (2018). Positive Images: Gay Men & Hiv/aids in the Popular Culture of 'post Crisis'. London; New York City: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
  • Kerr, T. (2019). “Framing the Issue.” On Curating: What You Don’t Know About Aids Could Fill a Museum. OnCurating 42: 14-17.
  • Paleo, Lin. Letter to Scientific Advisory Committee Members. 4 August 1988. San Francisco AIDS Foundation (SFAF) Records 1982-1995, University of California San Francisco Library, MSS 94-60, Carton 19, Folder Gay/Bisexual Men’s Safe Sex Campaign 1990.
  • Pérez, H. (2015). A Taste for Brown Bodies: Gay Modernity and Cosmopolitan Desire. New York City: New York University Press.
  • Puar, J. K. (2007). Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Roberts, D. E. (2013). “Law, Race, and Biotechnology: Toward a Biopolitical and Transdisciplinary Paradigm.” The Annual Review of Law and Social Science 9: 149–66.
  • Román, D. (2000). “Not-about-AIDS.” GLQ. 6(1): 1-28.
  • Rubbermen ‘91. Steve Speier – Chuck Frutchey Papers (1980-1993), San Francisco Public Library, GLC 192, Box 5.
  • Shavers, V. L. and Shavers, B. S. (2006). “Racism and Health Inequity among Americans,” Journal of the National Medical Association. 98(3): 386-396.
  • San Francisco AIDS Foundation (SFAF). “SFAF History.” San Francisco AIDS Foundation, 23 October 2019, https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/sfaf-history/. Accessed 13 February, 2020.
  • San Francisco AIDS Foundation (SFAF). S.F. AIDS Foundation, Haight Ashbury Free Clinics Launch Bold, New HIV Prevention Campaign Targeting Young Gays; Campaign Relies on American Flag to Promote Strong Safe Sex Message Against AIDS. San Francisco AIDS Foundation (SFAF) Records 1982-1995, University of California San Francisco Library, MSS 94-60, Carton 19, Folder Gay/Bisexual Men’s Safe Sex Campaign 1990.
  • Schechner, R. (2013). Performance Studies: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.
  • Sontag, S. (1990). Aids and Its Metaphors. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Span, Paula. ‘New York: The Unconventional Guide.” Washington Post, 12 July 1992 https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/07/12/new-york-the-unconventional-guide/a51292ab-a35e-4cdb-a0a2-6de256b4f9d2/. Accessed 12 February 2020.
  • Taylor, D. (2003). The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Walcott, R. (2013). “Black Queer Studies, Freedom, and Other Human Possibilities.” In J. Rocchi, X. Lemoine, and A. Cremieux (Eds.), Understanding Blackness Through Performance: Contemporary Arts and the Representation of Identity (pp. 143-157). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Watkins-Hayes, C. (2014). “Intersectionality and the Sociology of Hiv/aids: Past, Present, and Future Research Directions.” Annual Review of Sociology. 40: 431-457.
  • Weltzien, F. (2005). “Masque-ulinities: Changing Dress as a Display of Masculinity in the Superhero Genre.” Fashion Theory. 9(2): 229-250.
  • Woubshet, D. (2015). The Calendar of Loss: Race, Sexuality, and Mourning in the Early Era of Aids. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

“Yaşam, Özgürlük ve Mutluluk Arayışı”: Güvenli Cinsellik Eğitiminde Irk ve Ulusal Aidiyet Meselesi

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 13, 37 - 74, 24.05.2020

Öz

ABD’de sürmekte olan AIDS krizinin ilk dalgasından bu yana, HIV’in önlenmesiyle ilgili farklı kitlelere – çeşitli ırklara ve cinsel yönelimlere sahip kadın ve erkeklere, ergenlere ve uyuşturucu kullananlara –yönelik çeşitli yaklaşımlar ortaya çıktı. Ancak HIV sektöründe en fazla fon elde eden çoğunlukla gey erkek örgütleri olduğundan, tanıtıcı materyallerin çoğunluğunda genç, erkek ve beyazlar merkezi konumda temsil edildi. Bu çalışma, ırk, cinsellik ve ulusal aidiyet meselelerini ele almak üzere, güvenli cinsellik reklamlarında “ulusal” tabir edilen türün ortaya çıkışına değinmektedir. Arşiv materyallerinin detaylı analizine dayalı bu çalışma, bu türün görsel kültürünün, itaatkâr bir eşcinsel yurttaş-tüketici yaratılmasını destekleme misyonuna sahip homomilliyetçi politikaların 1990’ların başı ila ortasında kademeli yükselişe geçişine denk düştüğünü ileri sürmektedir. Bu çalışma, eşcinsellere yönelik kamu sağlığı kampanyalarının onları beyaz heteroseksist bir çoğunluğa dâhil etme politikasını destekleme ve özendirme konusunda da önemli bir rolü olduğunu ortaya koymak suretiyle homomilliyetçilik çalışmalarına katkıda bulunmaktadır. AIDS ile ilgili çalışmalar yürüten örgütler farklı ırklardan gruplar arasındaki yüksek AIDS oranları ile bağlantılı ırk meselesini halledemedikleri noktada, ırk politikaları ile angaje olabilmek için çokkültürlülük politikalarına başvurdular. Ancak kampanyaların görsel analizi göstermektedir ki kültürel farkın temsili, ırk ve toplumsal cinsiyet alanlarında normatif olana yakınlığını arketip heteroseksüel erkeklik estetiğini sahiplenerek ortaya koyan beyaz gey erkek kültürünün görsel politikasının kopyası olmaktan ibarettir. Bu nedenle HIV sektöründeki gey eril yurttaşlığın özendirilmesi ile sektörün ırk sorununa eğilme çabasının bir araya gelmesi çokkültürlülük projesinin imkânsızlığının yansımasıdır: AIDS konusunda çalışan örgütler bir yandan HIV programlarına farklı bedenleri dâhil ederek ırk, cinsiyet ve etnik hassasiyetlerini ortaya koyarken, diğer yandan geleneksel “kahraman” erkekliği model alan beyaz eril homoseksüel yurttaşlığı tedavüle sokarlar. Böyle bir model, tanımı gereği hem ırk ve cinsiyet farklarına karşı dışlayıcıdır hem de Amerikan ulus devletinin ve onun ırkçı, savaşçı ve yayılmacı hedeflerinin devamını sağlar. Bu çalışma, HIV sektöründeki çokkültürlülüğün, ırk temelli iktidar ilişkilerini zayıflatmak yerine beyaz orta sınıf ırk ve cinsiyet normalliğini “farklılık” olarak yeniden kodlamanın ötesine geçmediği için, homomilliyetçiliğe de hizmet ettiğini savunmaktadır. “Kültürel azınlıkları” devlet destekli koruyucu sağlık programlarının bünyesine katmak ırk meselesinin ele alınışındaki yüzeyselliği, dolayısıyla da sistemik düzeyde ırk temelli eşitsizlik yaratan politik sınıflandırma sistemleri probleminin göz ardı edildiğini gösterir. 1980’lerin başından beri virüs karşısında en kırılgan grubun Siyahlar olduğunu ortaya koyan istatistiklere dayanan bu çalışma, HIV sektöründeki çokkültürlülüğün, Siyahların ölümünün Siyahların yaşamının asli unsuru olarak kalmasını sağlayan iktidar sistemlerinden yalnızca bir tanesi olduğu ve böylelikle de statükoyu sürdüren iktidar hiyerarşilerini yeniden ürettiği sonucuna varmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Azzarito, L. (2009). “The Rise of Corporate Curriculum: Fatness, Fitness, and Whiteness.” In J. W. and V. Hardwood (Ed.), Biopolitics and the Obesity Epidemic (pp. 183-196). London: Routledge.
  • Barthes, R. (1981). Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography. New York: The Noonday Press.
  • Black AIDS Institute (2016). The State of Aids in Black America: Black Lives Matter–What’s Prep Got to Do with It? Los Angeles: Black AIDS Institute.
  • Brier, J. (2009). Infectious Ideas: Us Political Responses to the Aids Crisis. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Butler, J. (1995). “Sexual Inversions.” In D. C. Stanton (Ed.), Discourses of Sexuality: From Aristotle to AIDS (pp. 344-361). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “HIV in the United States: At A Glance.” CDC, July 2015, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/35661/cdc_35661_DS1.pdf. Accessed 13 February, 2020.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “HIV and African Americans.” CDC, 30, January, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racialethnic/africanamericans/index.html. Accessed 13 February, 2020.
  • Chambers-Letson, J. T. (2013). A Race So Different. New York: New York University Press.
  • Chambliss, J. C, W. L. Svitavsky, and T. C. Donaldson (2013). Ages of Heroes, Eras of Men: Superheroes and the American Experience. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Cooter, R. and C. Stein (2010). “Visual Imagery and Epidemics in the Twentieth Century.” In D. Serlin (Ed.), Imagining Illness: Public Health and Visual Culture (pp. 169-192). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Dean, T. (2002). “Sameness without Identity.” Umbr(a): Sameness: 25-42.
  • DuCille, A. (1996). Skin Trade. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Duggan, L. (2003). The Twilight of Equality?: Neoliberalism, Cultural Politics, and the Attack on Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Escoffier, J. (1998). “The Invention of Safer Sex: Vernacular Knowledge, Gay Politics and Hiv Prevention.” Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 43: 1-30.
  • Ferguson, R. A. (2012). The Reorder of Things: The University and Its Pedagogies of Minority Difference. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Fialho, A. (2013). “SAFE SEX BANG: A Collection of Communities & Creatives in the Wake of AIDS.” In A. Fialho and D. Katz (Eds.), Safe Sex Bang (pp. 21-31). San Francisco: Center for Sex & Culture Gallery.
  • Fialho, A. and D. Katz (2013). Safe Sex Bang. San Francisco: Center for Sex & Culture Gallery.
  • Foucault, M (2003). “Society Must be Defended:” Lectures at the Collège De France, 1975-1976. New York: Picador.
  • Fuentes, M. A. (2019). Performance Constellations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC). Multiculturalism at GMHC. Gay Men’s Health Crisis records, 1975-1978, 1982-1999 (bulk 1982-1993), New York Public Library, Mss Col 1126, box 101, folder 4.
  • Geary, A. M (2014). Antiblack Racism and the Aids Epidemic: State Intimacies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Giami, A., and C. Perrey (2012). “Transformations in the Medicalization of Sex: Hiv Prevention between Discipline and Biopolitics.” Journal of Sex Research. 49(4): 353-361.
  • Gilman, S. L. (1995). Picturing Health and Illness: Images of Identity and Difference. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Gossett, C. (2014). “We will not Rest in Peace: Aids Activism, Black Radicalism, Queer and/or Trans Resistance.” In J. Haritaworn, A. Kuntsman and S. Posocco (Eds.), Queer Necropolitics (pp. 31-50). London: Routledge.
  • Hassler-Forest, D. (2012). Capitalist Superheroes: Caped Crusaders in the Neoliberal Age. Lanham: John Hunt Publishing.
  • Hartman, S. V. (1997). Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Helfand, W. H. (1990). To Your Health: An Exhibition of Posters in Contemporary Public Health Issues. Bethesda: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health.
  • Hong, G. K. (2012). “Existentially Surplus: Women of Color Feminism and the New Crises of Capitalism.” Glq New York. 18(1): 87-106.
  • Housing Work. “PrEP Heroes.” 2015, https://prepheroes.org/. Accessed 13 February, 2020.
  • Levine, M. P, and M. S. Kimmel (1998). Gay Macho: The Life and Death of the Homosexual Clone. New York: New York University Press.
  • Lupton, D. (1994). Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease and the Body. London: Sage Publications.
  • Lupton, D. (1995). The Imperative of Health. London: Sage Publications.
  • Lupton, D., and A. Peterson (1996). The New Public Health: Health and Self in the Age of Risk. London: Sage Publications.
  • Manning, Eli. “HAART in Art: Temporal Reflections on Artistic Representations Of HIV Medication.” Visual AIDS, September 2014, https://www.visualaids.org/gallery/detail/743. Accessed 6 March, 2020.
  • Marshall, W. E. (2005). “Aids, Race and the Limits of Science.” Social Science and Medicine. 60(11): 2515-2525.
  • Mbembe, A. (2003). “Necropolitics.” Public Culture. 15(1): 11-40.
  • Melamed, J. (2006). “The Spirit of Neoliberalism: from Racial Liberalism to Neoliberal Multiculturalism.” Social Text. 24(4): 1-24.
  • Mercer, K. (1994). Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge.
  • Meyer, R. (1995). “Warhol’s Clones.” In M. Dorenkamp and R. Henke (Eds.), Negotiating Gay and Lesbian Subjects (pp. 93-122). New York: Routledge, 1995.
  • Morgensen, S. L. (2010). “Settler Homonationalism: Theorizing Settler Colonialism Within Queer Modernities.” GLQ. 16: 105-131.
  • Kagan, D. (2018). Positive Images: Gay Men & Hiv/aids in the Popular Culture of 'post Crisis'. London; New York City: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
  • Kerr, T. (2019). “Framing the Issue.” On Curating: What You Don’t Know About Aids Could Fill a Museum. OnCurating 42: 14-17.
  • Paleo, Lin. Letter to Scientific Advisory Committee Members. 4 August 1988. San Francisco AIDS Foundation (SFAF) Records 1982-1995, University of California San Francisco Library, MSS 94-60, Carton 19, Folder Gay/Bisexual Men’s Safe Sex Campaign 1990.
  • Pérez, H. (2015). A Taste for Brown Bodies: Gay Modernity and Cosmopolitan Desire. New York City: New York University Press.
  • Puar, J. K. (2007). Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Roberts, D. E. (2013). “Law, Race, and Biotechnology: Toward a Biopolitical and Transdisciplinary Paradigm.” The Annual Review of Law and Social Science 9: 149–66.
  • Román, D. (2000). “Not-about-AIDS.” GLQ. 6(1): 1-28.
  • Rubbermen ‘91. Steve Speier – Chuck Frutchey Papers (1980-1993), San Francisco Public Library, GLC 192, Box 5.
  • Shavers, V. L. and Shavers, B. S. (2006). “Racism and Health Inequity among Americans,” Journal of the National Medical Association. 98(3): 386-396.
  • San Francisco AIDS Foundation (SFAF). “SFAF History.” San Francisco AIDS Foundation, 23 October 2019, https://www.sfaf.org/resource-library/sfaf-history/. Accessed 13 February, 2020.
  • San Francisco AIDS Foundation (SFAF). S.F. AIDS Foundation, Haight Ashbury Free Clinics Launch Bold, New HIV Prevention Campaign Targeting Young Gays; Campaign Relies on American Flag to Promote Strong Safe Sex Message Against AIDS. San Francisco AIDS Foundation (SFAF) Records 1982-1995, University of California San Francisco Library, MSS 94-60, Carton 19, Folder Gay/Bisexual Men’s Safe Sex Campaign 1990.
  • Schechner, R. (2013). Performance Studies: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.
  • Sontag, S. (1990). Aids and Its Metaphors. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Span, Paula. ‘New York: The Unconventional Guide.” Washington Post, 12 July 1992 https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1992/07/12/new-york-the-unconventional-guide/a51292ab-a35e-4cdb-a0a2-6de256b4f9d2/. Accessed 12 February 2020.
  • Taylor, D. (2003). The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Walcott, R. (2013). “Black Queer Studies, Freedom, and Other Human Possibilities.” In J. Rocchi, X. Lemoine, and A. Cremieux (Eds.), Understanding Blackness Through Performance: Contemporary Arts and the Representation of Identity (pp. 143-157). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Watkins-Hayes, C. (2014). “Intersectionality and the Sociology of Hiv/aids: Past, Present, and Future Research Directions.” Annual Review of Sociology. 40: 431-457.
  • Weltzien, F. (2005). “Masque-ulinities: Changing Dress as a Display of Masculinity in the Superhero Genre.” Fashion Theory. 9(2): 229-250.
  • Woubshet, D. (2015). The Calendar of Loss: Race, Sexuality, and Mourning in the Early Era of Aids. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Felsefe, Antropoloji, Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ivan Bujan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Mayıs 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 13

Kaynak Göster

APA Bujan, I. (2020). “Life, Liberty, & the Pursuit of Happiness:” The Question of Race and National Belonging in Safer Sex Education. Masculinities: A Journal of Identity and Culture(13), 37-74.