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The Cowboy Scientist Saves the Planet: Hegemonic Masculinity in Cli-Fi Films

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 14, 5 - 34, 15.11.2020

Öz

This paper argues that climate fiction (cli-fi) films constitute a contemporary stage for the enactment of heroic masculinity. In cli-fi films, the changing climate can be understood as a new frontier in which survival depends on traditional masculine traits of strength and bravery combined with more modern knowledge of science and nature. We identify the “Cowboy Scientist” as a heroic archetype in cli-fi films that embodies both traditional and technical attributes in an updated version of hegemonic masculinity. We examine depictions of heroic masculinity in two high-grossing cli-fi films with wide target audiences in the global film market: the US-made The Day After Tomorrow (2004) and the Australian-made Mad Max: Fury Road (2015). Through a critical analysis of gender and the environment in these films, we track the Cowboy Scientist as he battles human and environmental enemies, cleverly combines primal intuitions with scientific expertise, and saves the helpless and vulnerable through a series of heroic feats. Scholars have long recognized popular culture as an important area of study because it both reflects and shapes social norms and values. Our goal in this discussion of heroic masculinity in pop culture cli-fi representations is to contribute to ongoing conversations about the relationship between gender and climate change (seen most clearly in The Day After Tomorrow) and the resilience of hegemonic masculinity to triumph even in the presence of defiant femininity (as shown in Mad Max: Fury Road).

Kaynakça

  • Bampatzimopoulos, S. (2015). Female Action Hero vs Male Dominance: The Female Representation in Mad Max: Fury Road. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 55(2), 205–218.
  • Bly, R. Iron John: A Book about Men. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1990.
  • Boulware, T. (2016). ‘Who Killed the World’: Building a Feminist Utopia from the Ashes of Toxic Masculinity in Mad Max: Fury Road. Journal of Film and Visual Narration, 1(1), 1–17.
  • Brady, A. (2017). The Man Who Coined ‘Cli-Fi’ Has Some Reading Suggestions for You: A Conversation with Dan Bloom. Retrieved from Chicago Review of Books website: https://chireviewofbooks.com/2017/02/08/the-man-who-coined-cli-fi-has-some-reading-suggestions-for-you/.
  • Connell, R. (2019). Masculinities in Troubling Times: View from The South. Masculinities Journal, 12(Autumn), 5-13.
  • Del Barco, M. (2015). The Women Pull No Punches In Fiery, Feminist “Mad Max.” Retrieved from npr website: https://www.npr.org/2015/05/15/406731120/the-women-pull-no-punches-in-fiery-feminist-mad-max
  • Di Paolo, M. (2018). Fire and Snow: Climate Fiction from The Inklings to Game of Thrones. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Dockterman, E. (2015). Vagina Monologues Writer Eve Ensler: How Mad Max: Fury Road Became a “Feminist Action Film.” Retrieved from Time website: https://time.com/3850323/mad-max-fury-road-eve-ensler-feminist/
  • Emmerich, R. (2004). The Day After Tomorrow. USA: 20th Century Fox.
  • Gallagher, C. (2015). Old Hands, New Breed: Mad Max: Fury Road and Evolving Gender Roles. Metro: Media & Education Magazine, 186, 48–55.
  • Garcia, M. (2015). 5 Reasons “Mad Max: Fury Road” Is Definitely the Most Feminist Blockbuster of the Year. Retrieved from Mic website: https://www.mic.com/articles/118508/5-reasons-mad-max-fury-road-is-definitely-the-most-feminist-blockbuster-of-the-year
  • Glotfelty, C. (2004). ‘Once a Cowboy’: Will James, Wade Mitchell, and the Predicament of Riders Who Turn Writers. In M. Alliser (Ed.), Eco-Man: New Perspectives on Masculinity and Nature (pp. 127–140). Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
  • Hultman, M. (2013). The Making of an Environmental Hero: A History of Ecomodern Masculinity, Fuel Cells and Arnold Schwarzenegger. Environmental Humanities, 2, 79–99.
  • Hultman, M., & Pulé, P. (2020). Ecological masculinities: A response to the Manthropocene question. In L. Gottzén, U. Mellström, & T. Shefer (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Masculinities (pp. 477–487). New York: Routledge.
  • Jackson, R., & M. Balaji (2011). Global Masculinities and Manhood. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
  • Joseph, L., & Black, P. (2012). Who’s the man? Fragile masculinities, consumer masculinities, and the profiles of sex work clients. Men and Masculinities, 15(5), 486–506.
  • Kac-Vergne, M. (2018). Masculinity in Contemporary Science Fiction Cinema: Cyborgs, Troopers and Other Men of the Future. New York: I.B. Tauris.
  • ---. (2016). Sidelining Women in Contemporary Science-Fiction Film. Miranda, 12, 1–16.
  • Kakoudaki, D. (2011). Representing Politics in Disaster Films. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 7(3), 349–356.
  • Kimmel, J. (1996). Manhood in America: A Cultural History. New York: The Free Press.
  • King, T. (2015). No, Mad Max: Fury Road is not a feminist masterpiece (but that’s OK). Retrieved from New Statesman America website: https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2015/05/no-mad-max-fury-road-not-feminist-masterpiece-s-ok
  • Kirby, D. A. (2011). Lab Coats in Hollywood: Science, Scientists, and Cinema. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Klassen, A. (2015). “Mad Max” Is A Feminist Masterpiece, Because “Fury Road” Is All About Furiosa... & Her Sidekick Max. Retrieved from Bustle website: https://www.bustle.com/articles/82751-mad-max-is-a-feminist-masterpiece-because-fury-road-is-all-about-furiosa-her-sidekick
  • Leikam, S. (2017). Of Storms, Floods, and Flying Sharks: The Extreme Weather Hero in Contemporary American Culture. In Men and Nature: Hegemonic Masculinities and Environmental Change (pp. 29–36).
  • Leiserowitz, A. A. (2004). Before and After The Day After Tomorrow: A U.S. Study of Climate Change Risk Perception. Environment, 46(9), 22–37.
  • Livesey, S. (2014). Climate Change, Capitalism, 9/11, and The Day After Tomorrow. Film Matters, (Spring 2014), 71–75.
  • Magnett, C. (2017). Why “Mad Max: Fury Road” Really Belongs to Imperator Furiosa". Retrieved from Comicbook website: https://comicbook.com/2020/01/10/my-hero-academia-manga-256-covert-nomu-mission-eraserhead/
  • Manzo, K. (2017). The usefulness of climate change films. Geoforum, 84 (May), 88–94. Martínez-Jiménez, L., Gálvez-Muñoz, L., & Solano-Caballero, Á. (2018). Neoliberalism Goes Pop and Purple: Postfeminist Empowerment from Beyoncé to Mad Max. Journal of Popular Culture, 51(2), 399–420.
  • Martins, D. K. (2019). Annie Proulx’s Wyoming Stories: Deconstructing Hegemonic Masculinity in the American West. Masculinities Journal, 11, 46–71.
  • McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2011). Cool dudes: The denial of climate change among conservative white males in the United States. Global Environmental Change, 21(4), 1163–1172.
  • McGreavy, B., & Lindenfeld, L. (2014). Entertaining Our Way to Engagement? Climate Change Films and Sustainable Development Values. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 17(2), 123–136.
  • Messerschmidt, J. (2019). Hidden in Plain Sight: On the Omnipresence of Hegemonic Masculinities. Masculinities Journal, 12(Autumn), 14-29.
  • Messerschmidt, J. W., & Messner, M. A. (2018). Hegemonic, Nonhegemonic, and “New” Masculinities. In J. W. Messerschmidt, P. Y. Martin, M. A. Messner, & R. Connell (Eds.), Gender Reckonings: New Social Theory and Research (pp. 35–56). New York: New York University Press.
  • Miller, G. (2015). Mad Max: Fury Road. USA: Warner Bros.
  • Murray, R. L., & Heumann, J. K. (2009). Ecology and Popular Film: Cinema on the Edge. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Nagel, J. (2016). Gender and Climate Change: Impacts, Science, Policy. New York: Routledge.
  • Perry, D. (2015). “Mad Max: Fury Road” Is the Feminist Action Flick You’ve Been Waiting For. Retrieved from The Verge website: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vdxdm3/the-new-mad-max-movie-is-both-badass-and-totally-feminist-944
  • Robinson, J. (2015). How Mad Max: Fury Road Could Become the Most Surprising Feminist Triumph of the Year. Retrieved from Vanity Fair website: https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/05/mad-max-fury-road-eve-ensler-feminist-triumph
  • Roosevelt, T. (1903). The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Salvador, M., & Norton, T. (2011). The flood myth in the age of global climate change. Environmental Communication, 5(1), 45–61.
  • Sandars, D. (2019). Disruptive Daughters: The Heroine’s Journey in Four Films. In F. Collins, J. Landman, S. Bye (Eds.), A Companion to Australian Cinema (pp. 313-335). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Schröder, N. (2010). Framing Disaster: Images of Nature, Media, and Representational Strategies in Hollywood Disaster Movies. In L. Volkmann, N. Grimm, I. Detmers, & K. Thomson (Eds.), Local Nature, Global Responsibilities: Ecocritical Perspectives on the New English Literatures (pp. 281–306). New York: Rodopi.
  • Smith, K. (2015). Why “Mad Max: Fury Road” is the feminist picture of the year. Retrieved from New York Post website: https://nypost.com/2015/05/14/why-mad-max-fury-road-is-the-feminist-picture-of-the-year/
  • Sparks, R. (1996). Masculinity and Heroism in the Hollywood ‘Blockbuster’’.’ The British Journal of Criminology, 36(3), 348–360.
  • Stewart, S. (2015). Oops! I Made a Feminist Manifesto: George Miller and ‘Mad Max.’ Retrieved from Women and Hollywood website: https://womenandhollywood.com/oops-i-made-a-feminist-manifesto-george-miller-and-mad-max-238f64bfa9bc/
  • Sturgeon, N. (2009). Environmentalism in Popular Culture: Gender, Race, Sexuality, and the Politics of the Natural. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
  • Svoboda, M. (2014). A Review of Climate Fiction (Cli-Fi) Cinema…Past and Present. Yale Climate Connections, 1–20.
  • Tanenbaum, J., Pufal, M., & Tanenbaum, K. (2017). Furious Futures and Apocalyptic Design Fictions: Popular Narratives of Sustainability. Interactions, 24(1), 64–67.
  • Valenti, J. (2015). Sexists are scared of Mad Max because it is a call to dismantle patriarchies. Retrieved from The Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/27/sexists-are-scared-of-mad-max-because-it-is-a-call-to-dismantle-patriarchies
  • Verevis, C. (2019). Another Green World: The Mad Max Series. In F. Collins, J. Landman, S. Bye (Eds.), A Companion to Australian Cinema (pp. 133-148). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Von Burg, R. (2012). Decades Away or The Day After Tomorrow ?: Rhetoric, Film, and the Global Warming Debate. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 29(1), 7–26.
  • White, K. (1993). The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America. New York: New York University Press.
  • Yates, M. (2017). Re-Casting Nature as Feminist Space in Mad Max: Fury Road. Science Fiction Film & Television, 10(3), 353-370.

Gezegeni Kurtaran Kovboy Biliminsanı: İklimkurgu Filmlerinde Hegemonik Erkeklik

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 14, 5 - 34, 15.11.2020

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Bampatzimopoulos, S. (2015). Female Action Hero vs Male Dominance: The Female Representation in Mad Max: Fury Road. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 55(2), 205–218.
  • Bly, R. Iron John: A Book about Men. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1990.
  • Boulware, T. (2016). ‘Who Killed the World’: Building a Feminist Utopia from the Ashes of Toxic Masculinity in Mad Max: Fury Road. Journal of Film and Visual Narration, 1(1), 1–17.
  • Brady, A. (2017). The Man Who Coined ‘Cli-Fi’ Has Some Reading Suggestions for You: A Conversation with Dan Bloom. Retrieved from Chicago Review of Books website: https://chireviewofbooks.com/2017/02/08/the-man-who-coined-cli-fi-has-some-reading-suggestions-for-you/.
  • Connell, R. (2019). Masculinities in Troubling Times: View from The South. Masculinities Journal, 12(Autumn), 5-13.
  • Del Barco, M. (2015). The Women Pull No Punches In Fiery, Feminist “Mad Max.” Retrieved from npr website: https://www.npr.org/2015/05/15/406731120/the-women-pull-no-punches-in-fiery-feminist-mad-max
  • Di Paolo, M. (2018). Fire and Snow: Climate Fiction from The Inklings to Game of Thrones. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Dockterman, E. (2015). Vagina Monologues Writer Eve Ensler: How Mad Max: Fury Road Became a “Feminist Action Film.” Retrieved from Time website: https://time.com/3850323/mad-max-fury-road-eve-ensler-feminist/
  • Emmerich, R. (2004). The Day After Tomorrow. USA: 20th Century Fox.
  • Gallagher, C. (2015). Old Hands, New Breed: Mad Max: Fury Road and Evolving Gender Roles. Metro: Media & Education Magazine, 186, 48–55.
  • Garcia, M. (2015). 5 Reasons “Mad Max: Fury Road” Is Definitely the Most Feminist Blockbuster of the Year. Retrieved from Mic website: https://www.mic.com/articles/118508/5-reasons-mad-max-fury-road-is-definitely-the-most-feminist-blockbuster-of-the-year
  • Glotfelty, C. (2004). ‘Once a Cowboy’: Will James, Wade Mitchell, and the Predicament of Riders Who Turn Writers. In M. Alliser (Ed.), Eco-Man: New Perspectives on Masculinity and Nature (pp. 127–140). Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
  • Hultman, M. (2013). The Making of an Environmental Hero: A History of Ecomodern Masculinity, Fuel Cells and Arnold Schwarzenegger. Environmental Humanities, 2, 79–99.
  • Hultman, M., & Pulé, P. (2020). Ecological masculinities: A response to the Manthropocene question. In L. Gottzén, U. Mellström, & T. Shefer (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Masculinities (pp. 477–487). New York: Routledge.
  • Jackson, R., & M. Balaji (2011). Global Masculinities and Manhood. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
  • Joseph, L., & Black, P. (2012). Who’s the man? Fragile masculinities, consumer masculinities, and the profiles of sex work clients. Men and Masculinities, 15(5), 486–506.
  • Kac-Vergne, M. (2018). Masculinity in Contemporary Science Fiction Cinema: Cyborgs, Troopers and Other Men of the Future. New York: I.B. Tauris.
  • ---. (2016). Sidelining Women in Contemporary Science-Fiction Film. Miranda, 12, 1–16.
  • Kakoudaki, D. (2011). Representing Politics in Disaster Films. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 7(3), 349–356.
  • Kimmel, J. (1996). Manhood in America: A Cultural History. New York: The Free Press.
  • King, T. (2015). No, Mad Max: Fury Road is not a feminist masterpiece (but that’s OK). Retrieved from New Statesman America website: https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2015/05/no-mad-max-fury-road-not-feminist-masterpiece-s-ok
  • Kirby, D. A. (2011). Lab Coats in Hollywood: Science, Scientists, and Cinema. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Klassen, A. (2015). “Mad Max” Is A Feminist Masterpiece, Because “Fury Road” Is All About Furiosa... & Her Sidekick Max. Retrieved from Bustle website: https://www.bustle.com/articles/82751-mad-max-is-a-feminist-masterpiece-because-fury-road-is-all-about-furiosa-her-sidekick
  • Leikam, S. (2017). Of Storms, Floods, and Flying Sharks: The Extreme Weather Hero in Contemporary American Culture. In Men and Nature: Hegemonic Masculinities and Environmental Change (pp. 29–36).
  • Leiserowitz, A. A. (2004). Before and After The Day After Tomorrow: A U.S. Study of Climate Change Risk Perception. Environment, 46(9), 22–37.
  • Livesey, S. (2014). Climate Change, Capitalism, 9/11, and The Day After Tomorrow. Film Matters, (Spring 2014), 71–75.
  • Magnett, C. (2017). Why “Mad Max: Fury Road” Really Belongs to Imperator Furiosa". Retrieved from Comicbook website: https://comicbook.com/2020/01/10/my-hero-academia-manga-256-covert-nomu-mission-eraserhead/
  • Manzo, K. (2017). The usefulness of climate change films. Geoforum, 84 (May), 88–94. Martínez-Jiménez, L., Gálvez-Muñoz, L., & Solano-Caballero, Á. (2018). Neoliberalism Goes Pop and Purple: Postfeminist Empowerment from Beyoncé to Mad Max. Journal of Popular Culture, 51(2), 399–420.
  • Martins, D. K. (2019). Annie Proulx’s Wyoming Stories: Deconstructing Hegemonic Masculinity in the American West. Masculinities Journal, 11, 46–71.
  • McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2011). Cool dudes: The denial of climate change among conservative white males in the United States. Global Environmental Change, 21(4), 1163–1172.
  • McGreavy, B., & Lindenfeld, L. (2014). Entertaining Our Way to Engagement? Climate Change Films and Sustainable Development Values. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 17(2), 123–136.
  • Messerschmidt, J. (2019). Hidden in Plain Sight: On the Omnipresence of Hegemonic Masculinities. Masculinities Journal, 12(Autumn), 14-29.
  • Messerschmidt, J. W., & Messner, M. A. (2018). Hegemonic, Nonhegemonic, and “New” Masculinities. In J. W. Messerschmidt, P. Y. Martin, M. A. Messner, & R. Connell (Eds.), Gender Reckonings: New Social Theory and Research (pp. 35–56). New York: New York University Press.
  • Miller, G. (2015). Mad Max: Fury Road. USA: Warner Bros.
  • Murray, R. L., & Heumann, J. K. (2009). Ecology and Popular Film: Cinema on the Edge. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
  • Nagel, J. (2016). Gender and Climate Change: Impacts, Science, Policy. New York: Routledge.
  • Perry, D. (2015). “Mad Max: Fury Road” Is the Feminist Action Flick You’ve Been Waiting For. Retrieved from The Verge website: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/vdxdm3/the-new-mad-max-movie-is-both-badass-and-totally-feminist-944
  • Robinson, J. (2015). How Mad Max: Fury Road Could Become the Most Surprising Feminist Triumph of the Year. Retrieved from Vanity Fair website: https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/05/mad-max-fury-road-eve-ensler-feminist-triumph
  • Roosevelt, T. (1903). The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Salvador, M., & Norton, T. (2011). The flood myth in the age of global climate change. Environmental Communication, 5(1), 45–61.
  • Sandars, D. (2019). Disruptive Daughters: The Heroine’s Journey in Four Films. In F. Collins, J. Landman, S. Bye (Eds.), A Companion to Australian Cinema (pp. 313-335). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Schröder, N. (2010). Framing Disaster: Images of Nature, Media, and Representational Strategies in Hollywood Disaster Movies. In L. Volkmann, N. Grimm, I. Detmers, & K. Thomson (Eds.), Local Nature, Global Responsibilities: Ecocritical Perspectives on the New English Literatures (pp. 281–306). New York: Rodopi.
  • Smith, K. (2015). Why “Mad Max: Fury Road” is the feminist picture of the year. Retrieved from New York Post website: https://nypost.com/2015/05/14/why-mad-max-fury-road-is-the-feminist-picture-of-the-year/
  • Sparks, R. (1996). Masculinity and Heroism in the Hollywood ‘Blockbuster’’.’ The British Journal of Criminology, 36(3), 348–360.
  • Stewart, S. (2015). Oops! I Made a Feminist Manifesto: George Miller and ‘Mad Max.’ Retrieved from Women and Hollywood website: https://womenandhollywood.com/oops-i-made-a-feminist-manifesto-george-miller-and-mad-max-238f64bfa9bc/
  • Sturgeon, N. (2009). Environmentalism in Popular Culture: Gender, Race, Sexuality, and the Politics of the Natural. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
  • Svoboda, M. (2014). A Review of Climate Fiction (Cli-Fi) Cinema…Past and Present. Yale Climate Connections, 1–20.
  • Tanenbaum, J., Pufal, M., & Tanenbaum, K. (2017). Furious Futures and Apocalyptic Design Fictions: Popular Narratives of Sustainability. Interactions, 24(1), 64–67.
  • Valenti, J. (2015). Sexists are scared of Mad Max because it is a call to dismantle patriarchies. Retrieved from The Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/27/sexists-are-scared-of-mad-max-because-it-is-a-call-to-dismantle-patriarchies
  • Verevis, C. (2019). Another Green World: The Mad Max Series. In F. Collins, J. Landman, S. Bye (Eds.), A Companion to Australian Cinema (pp. 133-148). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Von Burg, R. (2012). Decades Away or The Day After Tomorrow ?: Rhetoric, Film, and the Global Warming Debate. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 29(1), 7–26.
  • White, K. (1993). The First Sexual Revolution: The Emergence of Male Heterosexuality in Modern America. New York: New York University Press.
  • Yates, M. (2017). Re-Casting Nature as Feminist Space in Mad Max: Fury Road. Science Fiction Film & Television, 10(3), 353-370.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Felsefe, Siyaset Bilimi, Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sam Kendrick Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5682-4426

Joane Nagel Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-6452-0297

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 14

Kaynak Göster

APA Kendrick, S., & Nagel, J. (2020). The Cowboy Scientist Saves the Planet: Hegemonic Masculinity in Cli-Fi Films. Masculinities: A Journal of Identity and Culture(14), 5-34.