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                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Mülkiye Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1305-9971</issn>
                                                                                                        <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Mülkiyeliler Birliği Genel Merkezi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Otoriter Rejimler ve Sivil Toplum İlişkisi: Bir “Yumuşak Güç” Stratejisi olarak GONGO’ların Yükselişi</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Oğuz</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mustafa Cem</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20180807">
                    <day>08</day>
                    <month>07</month>
                    <year>2018</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>42</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>239</fpage>
                                        <lpage>260</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20180812">
                        <day>08</day>
                        <month>12</month>
                        <year>2018</year>
                    </date>
                                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1965, Mülkiye Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1965</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Mülkiye Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Bu çalışma sivil toplum ve demokrasi arasında olumlu bir ilişki olduğunu varsayan Tocquevilleci hipotezi, giderek yaygınlık kazanan GONGO’lar üzerinden sorgulamaktadır. Günümüzde otoriter rejimler demokratik hayatın kurumlarını ve kültürünü geleneksel yöntemlerle bastırmayı değil, yumuşak güç stratejileri ile kontrol etmeyi ve ehlileştirmeyi tercih etmektedirler. Yumuşak güç stratejilerinin hedeflediği kurumların başında ise sivil toplum gelmektedir. Geleneksel otoriter rejimlerde sivil toplumu baskılamak tercih edilirken, günümüz otoriter rejimlerinde sivil toplumu ve STK’ları ele geçirmek (co-opt) ya da hükümetin kontrolünde sözde STK’lar (GONGOs) yaratmak tercih edilmeye başlanmıştır. Otoriter rejimlerin sivil toplumla girdiği bu yeni ilişki her ülkede farklı bir deneyim olarak yaşanmakta olsa da, yine de stratejilerde belirgin ortaklıklar bulunmaktadır. Rusya, Belarus, Azerbaycan, Çin ve Venezuela gibi ülkelerde karşımıza çıkan bu yeni olgunun otoriter hükümetler tarafından üç temel amaçla kullandıklarını görmekteyiz. Bunlar sırasıyla; ülkeye giren yabancı fonları kontrol etmek; uluslararası kamuoyu nezdinde meşruiyet kazanmak ve ulus içindeki demokratik muhalefeti etkisizleştirmektir. Otoriter rejimler yabancı fonların sivil topluma aktardığı kaynakların, kontrol edemediği sivil toplum kurumlarına gitmesini istememektedirler. Bunun arkasında hem o kaynağı kendi kullanma arzusu hem de özerk sivil toplum kurum ve hareketlerinin kendisi karşısında bir tehdit teşkil edeceği düşüncesi vardır. İnsan hakları ve demokrasi konusundaki uluslararası toplumun eleştirileri de, otoriter rejimleri GONGO kurmaya sevk eden bir diğer etkendir. Özellikle insan hakları odaklı STK’ların hem ulusal hem de uluslararası toplum nezdinde dile getirdikleri eleştiriler karşısında devletler bu STK’ları kamusal alandan dolaylı olarak uzaklaştırabilmek için alternatif oluşumlara gitmekte ve onları fonlayarak, bu kurumların görünürlüğünü ve seslerini azaltmaktadırlar. Otoriter rejimlerde karşılaşılan bir diğer durum da, muhalif kesimlerin demokratik prosedürlere olan inancını kaybetmesi ve rutin demokratik siyaset yerine “mücadeleci siyaseti” (contentious politics) tercih etmeleridir. Mücadeleci siyasetin en yaygın formu olan toplumsal hareketler de bu nedenle otoriter rejimlerin yeni muarızı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadırlar. Rejimler özellikle “renkli devrimlerden” sonra toplumsal hareketler ile mücadele yolu olarak şiddetli bastırma eylemlerinin yanı sıra alternatif toplumsal hareketleri ön plana çıkarmaya başlamışlardır. Bir GONGO üzerinden örgütlenen bu “sözde toplumsal hareketler”, rejimi protesto eden her toplumsal muhalefetin arkasından sokağa inmekte ve rejime destek mitingleri düzenlemektedirler. Çalışmanın neticesinde GONGO’ların bu üç amaç üzerinden yükselişinin sivil toplum ve demokratikleşme arasında var olduğu düşünülen normatif ilişkiyi yadsıdığını ve sivil toplumun, otoriter rejimlerle pekâlâ birlikte bulunabileceği iddia etmekteyiz.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>STK</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  GONGO’lar</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  yumuşak güç</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  otoriterizm</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  kooptasyon.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
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