Roma Dönemi’nden Ortaçağ’a Tıp Aletleri

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 13 - 17, 01.12.2011

Seda Akarsu Babür Mehmet Akarsu Ahmet Adil Tırpan

Öz

Antik Dönem hekimleri uyguladıkları tedavi yöntemlerinde önce hijyene önem vermişler ve asklepionları genelde sıcak ve soğuk su kaynaklarının bulundukları alanlara kurmuşlardır. Bu sağlık merkezlerinde hastalar kendilerini kutsal bir ele teslim etmiş olmanın psikolojik rahatlığı içinde tedavi olurlardı. Hekimler hastalarına öncelikli olarak diyet uygularlar, diyet sonrası farmasötik tedaviye geçerlerdi. Bazı bitkisel ilaçlar ile uygulanan bu tedavi yöntemine cevap vermeyen hastalar için cerrahi müdahaleye başvurulurdu. Yetersiz anestezi uygulamalarından dolayı hastaların acı çekmelerini önlemek için cerrahi müdahalelerin en kısa zamanda sonlandırılması gerekiyordu. Bu nedenle cerrahi aletlerin ameliyat esnasında zaman kaybını önlemek için ergonomik olmasının yanı sıra çok amaçlı kullanılabilir şekilde dizayn edilmelerine dikkat edilirdi. Bir ucu sonda, dilatatör, delici, spatül, damlalık, diğer ucu kaşık, kanca, iğne, bisturi vs. olarak tasarlanmış, bronz, gümüş, kemik ve fildişinden yapılmış cerrahi aletler en sık rastlanılan örneklerdir. Bu makalede, Selçuk Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Bölümü’nde bulunan bazı tıp aletlerinin tanımları yapılmaya çalışılacaktır. Anahtar kelimeler: Ergonomik; Antik Tıp; Asklepion.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ergonomik, Antik Tıp, Asklepion

Medical Tools from Roman Period to Medieval

Öz

Abstract Ancient Period physicians gave priority to hygiene at treatment methods applications and they generally established their asclepions just to hot or cold water resource areas. The patients treated in psychological comfort in those health centers because of delivering themselves to holy hands. First of all the physicians apply diet to their patients, after diet they applied pharmaceutics treatment. The patients who don’t reply those treatments via herbal medicines were applied to surgical intervention. The surgical intervention had to be finalized in the shortest time to prevent suffer so much due to insufficient anesthesia applications. So the medical tools had to be designed ergonomic to prevent time loosing during operation and also to be multifunctional. To most common seen medical tools were one end is catheter, dilatators, driller, spatula, dripper other end is spoon, hook, needle, bistoury etc. and they are made of bronze, silver, bone and ivory. In this article, some of medical tools that are in the Selçuk University Archeology Department will be tried to be defined. Keywords: Ergonomic; Ancient Medicine; Asclepion.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ergonomic, Ancient Medicine, Asclepion

Kaynakça

• Hippokrates. The Aphorisms of Hippocrates. Translated by Marks E. New York: Collins; 1817.
• Diogenes Laertius. The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers. Translated by Yonge C.D. London: Henry G. Bohn; 1853.
• Nutton V. Ancient Medicine. London and New York: Routledge, 2005.
• Ramen F. Albucasis (Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi): Renowned Muslim Surgeon of the Tenth Century. New York: Rosen Publishing Group; 2006.
• Milne JS. Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1907.
• Yalav E. Tanrısal Gücün Elçileri; Antik Çağda Tıp Aletleri. İstanbul: Amerikan Hastanesi Yayınları; 2008.
• Hippokrates. The Genuine Works of Hippocrates. Vol. I. Translated by Adams F. London: Syndenham Society; 1849.
• Kirkup J. From Flint to Stainless Steel: Observations on Surgical Instrument Composition, Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1993; 75: 365-374.
• Paulus Aegineta. The Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta: Translated from the Greek. With a Commentary. Vol. II. Translated by Adams F. London: Sydenham Society; 1846.
• Bodenhamer W. Practical Observations on Some of the Diseases of the Rectum, Anus and Contiguous Textures: Giving their Nature, Seat, Causes, Symptoms, Consequences, Consequences and Prevention: Especially Addressed to the Nonmedical Reader. New York: J. S. Redfield; 1855.
• Robinson V. The Story of Medicine. New York: The New Home Library; 1943.
• Albucasis. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments. Translated by Spink MS, Lewis GL. London: The Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine; 1973.
• Ricci JV. The Development of Gynaecological Surgery and Instruments. San Francisco (CA): Norman Publishing; 1990.
• Kirkup J. The History and Evolution of Surgical Instruments. VIII Catheters, Hollow Needles and Other Tubular Instruments. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1998; 80: 81-90.
• French RK. Canonical Medicine: Gentile da Foligno and Scholasticism. Leiden and Boston: Brill; 2001.
• Kirkup J. The Evolution of Surgical Instruments: An Illustrated History from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century. California: Norman Publishing; 2006.
• Ambroise Paré. Ten Books of Surgery with the Magazine of the Instruments Necessary for it. Translated by Linker RW, Womack N. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press; 2010.
• Marks G, Beatty WK. The Precious Metals of Medicine. New York: Charles Scribner’s; 1975
• Aulus Cornelius Celsus. A Translation of the Eight Books of Aul. Corn. Celsus on Medicine, 2nd ed. Translated by Collier GF. London: Simpkin and Marshall; 1831.
• Thomas PH. Graeco-Roman Medical and Surgical Instruments. J. Coll. Gen. Practit. 1963; 6: 495-501.
• Politzer A. History of Otology: From Earliest Times to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century. Vol. I. Phoenix: Columella Press; 1981.