Current perspectives on Multiple Sclerosis

Year 2024, , 34 - 52, 30.06.2024

Sema Çimen Kaan Küçükoğlu

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12547696

Abstract

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. It is characterised by inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss, and is typically manifested by relapses and remissions. It is the most prevalent neurological disorder worldwide, with a significant prevalence in many countries. It is the leading cause of non-traumatic neurological impairment in young adults. Although the etiology is not fully understood, genetic predisposition, environmental factors (exposure to inadequate sunlight and/or inadequate dietary intake of vitamin D, Epstein-Barr virus infection, etc.) Furthermore, an individual's lifestyle, including obesity, smoking, and other factors, plays a significant role in the development of the disease. The clinical subtypes of MS, as defined in 2013, are classified into four categories: The four main clinical subtypes of MS are: Isolated Syndrome, Relapsing-Remitting MS, Primary Progressive MS and Secondary Progressive MS. The clinical subtypes of MS are further subdivided according to the activity and progression of the disease.
MS is a heterogenous disease, with lesions affecting multiple systems. The most common clinical manifestations include fatigue, blurred vision, and ocular pain (optic neuritis), as well as weakness and sensory changes in specific body regions, such as the face, arms, and legs. Furthermore, the patient presented with symptoms including balance impairment, vertigo, memory and cognitive difficulties, and bladder control issues.
Although there is currently no cure for MS, existing treatments focus on alleviating acute attacks, improving symptoms, and reducing the impact of the disease through biological therapies. Modifying therapies for the disease (e.g., interferons, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, fingolimod, ocrelizumab, natalizumab, etc.) These drugs, which reduce the frequency of clinical attacks and slow the progression of the disease, also reduce the activity of MRI lesions, making them an important component of MS treatment. They are effective due to their diverse mechanisms of action, administration routes, and dosages.

Keywords

Attack, Demyelination, Inflammation, Multiple sclerosis

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