<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>nesir</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Nesir: Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2757-9999</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2822-468X</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Düşünce ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Derneği</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.64957/nesir.1934361</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Modern Turkish Literature</subject>
                                                            <subject>Literary Studies (Other)</subject>
                                                            <subject>Classical Turkish Literature</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Modern Türk Edebiyatı</subject>
                                                            <subject>Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)</subject>
                                                            <subject>Klasik Türk Edebiyatı</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Literature Against Life:  Communication and Evil in the Writings of Ömer Seyfettin (1884–1920)</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Hayata Karşı Edebiyat: Ömer Seyfettin’in (1884–1920) Yazılarında İletişim ve Kötülük</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8423-4829</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Blackthorne-O&#039;barr</surname>
                                    <given-names>Erik</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>PRINCETON UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260422">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>22</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>10</issue>
                                        <fpage>83</fpage>
                                        <lpage>114</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20260216">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>16</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260413">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>13</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2021, Nesir: Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Nesir: Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Ömer Seyfettin is a pivotal figure in the emergence of Turkish national literature, responsible not only for a vast corpus of short fiction but, through his 1911 “New Language” manifesto, in part the originator of modern literary Turkish. At the same time, the darker themes of his writing—above all, the frequent depiction of explicit sadistic violence—have been ambiguously situated vis-à-vis his aesthetic, literary, and political project. Responding to Veysel Öztürk’s recent claim that sadistic evil is both instrumentalized and, at time, undermines Ömer Seyfettin’s nationalist politics, this article instead maintains we must disaggregate sadism from evil in his thought. This article proposes that Ömer Seyfettin viewed sadism as a vital, natural force associated with the preservation of reproductive futurity, a notion he developed through his engagements with nineteenth-century medical literature; against it, he juxtaposed the sterility and narcissism of an Ottoman literary culture that had developed under Persianate influence. By reading his fiction alongside a notion of “communication” derived from the thought of Georges Bataille, it proposes that for Ömer Seyfettin sadomasochism offered a possible path out of the deadlock of Persianate narcissism. It concludes by arguing for the central role of desire and enjoyment in his oeuvre.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Ömer Seyfettin, yalnızca geniş kısa hikâye külliyatıyla değil, 1911 tarihli “Yeni Lisan” manifestosuyla modern edebî Türkçenin oluşumunda da belirleyici bir rol oynamış, Türk millî edebiyatının ortaya çıkışında merkezi bir figürdür. Bununla birlikte, yazılarında öne çıkan karanlık temalar—özellikle açık sadistik şiddetin sıkça tasviri—onun estetik, edebî ve politik projesiyle ilişkisi bakımından belirsiz bir konumda kalmıştır. Veysel Öztürk’ün yakın tarihli çalışmasında sadistik kötülüğün hem araçsallaştırıldığı hem de kimi zaman Ömer Seyfettin’in milliyetçi siyasetini zayıflattığı yönündeki iddiasına yanıt olarak, bu makale sadizm ile kötülüğün onun düşüncesinde birbirinden ayrılması gerektiğini ileri sürmektedir. Çalışma, Ömer Seyfettin’in sadizmi, on dokuzuncu yüzyıl tıp literatürüyle kurduğu ilişki üzerinden geliştirdiği bir anlayışla, üreme geleceğinin korunmasıyla bağlantılı, yaşamsal ve doğal bir güç olarak kavradığını öne sürer; buna karşılık, Farsî etkiler altında gelişmiş Osmanlı edebî kültürünün kısırlık ve narsisizmini bu anlayışın karşısına yerleştirir. Onun kurmacasını Georges Bataille’ın düşüncesinden türetilen bir “iletişim” kavramıyla birlikte okuyan bu makale, Ömer Seyfettin için sadomazoşizmin, Farsî etkili narsisizmin açmazından çıkış için olası bir yol sunduğunu ileri sürer. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, onun külliyatında arzu ve haz kavramlarının merkezi rolünü vurgular.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Ömer Seyfettin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Georges Bataille</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sadism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  evil</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  communication</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  the Persianate</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                                                                                                <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">Initial research for this study was supported by the Gerda Henkel Foundation.</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                    </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Agamben, Giorgio. “Bataille and the Paradox of Sovereignty.” Translated by Michael Krimper, Journal of Italian Philosophy 3 (2020), 247–53.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alangu, Tahir. Ömer Seyfettin: Ülkücü Bir Yazarın Romanı. May Yayınları, 1968.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Altuğ, Fatih. “Modernity and Subjectivity in the Literary Criticism of Namık Kemal.” Ph.D. dissertation, Boğaziçi University, 2007.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arslan, Fatih. “Daemonik Arzudan Örtük Kurguya... Ömer Seyfettin’in Açaranlatı Değerleri.” In Sonsuza Uzanan Ses: Ömer Seyfettin, edited by Hülya Argunşah, Abdullah Şengül, and Murat Gür, 415–24. Dergâh, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baitinger, Frédéric. “A Perverse Fascination for Death and Jouissance: Bataille, Lacan and the Anti-Social Turn in Queer Theory.” In Lacan’s Cruelty: Perversion beyond Philosophy, Culture and Clinic, edited by Meera Lee, 85–108. Palgrave Macmillan, 2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bataille, Georges. Literature and Evil. Translated by Alastair Hamilton. Marion Boyars, 1985.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. Inner Experience. Translated by Leslie Anne Boldt. State University of New York Press, 1988.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. The Tears of Eros. Translated by Peter Connor. City Lights Books, 1989.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. The Accursed Share: An Essay on General Economy, Volumes Two and Three. Translated by Robert Hurley. Zone Books, 1991.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. The Unfinished System of Nonknowledge. Edited by Stuart Kendall. University of Minnesota Press, 2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Berktay, Halil. “Bir İttihatçı ön-faşistinin insaniyet düşmanlığı.” Taraf, 20 September 2008, 90.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. Özgürlük Dersleri. Kitap Yayınları, 2010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bilgegil, M. Kaya. Harâbât Karşısında Nâmik Kemâl: Nâmık Kemal’in Eski Edebiyat İtirazları. İrfan Yayınevi, 1973.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Blackthorne-O’Barr, Erik. “Dangerous Bodies, a Corrupted Tongue: Tracing the Queer Persianate in Late Ottoman Literature.” Culture, Theory and Critique 65, no. 1, Special Issue: Queer Turkish and Ottoman Literature (2024): 1–25.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Browne, Edward Granville. The Press and Poetry of Modern Persia. Cambridge University Press, 1914.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cavarero, Adriana. Horrorism: Naming Contemporary Violence. Translated by William McCuaig. Columbia University Press, 2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Deleuze, Gilles. Masochism: Coldness and Cruelty. Translated by Jean McNeil. Zone Books, 1999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Direk, Zeynep. Ontologies of Sex: Philosophy in Sexual Politics. Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Duben, Alan, and Cem Behar. Istanbul Households: Marriage, Family and Fertility 1880-1940. Cambridge University Press, 1991.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Edelman, Lee. No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive. Duke University Press, 2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Enginün, İnci. Edebiyatımızda Dört Ebedî Doruk: Namık Kemal, Ahmet Mithat, Mehmet Âkif, Ömer Seyfettin. Dergâh, 2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erdem, Ekin. Ömer Seyfettin Hikâyelerinde Siyasal İdeoloji ve Toplumsal Temalar: II. Meşrutiyet&#039;in Türkçü Eleştirisi. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Uludağ University, 2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ertürk, Nergis. Grammatology and Literary Modernity in Turkey. Oxford University Press, 2011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Etchegoyen, R. Horacio. “‘On Narcissism: An Introduction’: Text and Context.” In Freud’s “On Narcissism: An Introduction&quot;, edited by Joseph Sandler, 54–74. Karnac Books, 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fatma Aliye. Tezâhür-i Hakîkat. Çizgi Kitabevi, 2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Féré, Charles. The Evolution and Dissolution of the Sexual Instinct. Charles Carrington, 1904.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Freud, Sigmund. “‘Civilized’ Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness.” In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume IX (1906-1908): Jensen’s “Gradiva” &amp; Other Works, 177–204. Random House, 2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gould, Stephen Jay. Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Harvard University Press, 1977.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gomel, Elana. Bloodscripts: Writing the Violent Subject. The Ohio State University Press, 2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gökalp, Ziya. The Principles of Turkism. Translated by Robert Devereux. Brill, 1968.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gözler, H. Fethi. Ömer Seyfettin: Bütün Yönleriyle. Çağdaş Yayınevi, 1976.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Green, André. Life Narcissism Death Narcissism. Translated by Andrew Weller. Free Association Books, 2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gürova, Ercan. “Ömer Seyfettin’s Short Story “The Rainbow”: A Precursor of Transgender Narratives.” Söylem 9, no. 2 (2024): 924–936.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Haeckel, Ernst. The History of Creation, Volume 1. Henry S. King &amp; Co., 1876.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. The Young Turks in Opposition. Oxford University Press, 1995.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İleri, Selim. “Ömer Seyfettin ve Faşizm Tutkusu.” Birikim 8 (October 1975).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İmer, Kâmile. Dilde Değişme ve Gelişme Açısından Türk Dil Devrimi. Türk Dil Kurumu, 1976.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Katfar, Duygu Oylubaş. “Ölümlülük ve Ölümsüzlük Stratejileri Bakımından Ömer Seyfettin Hikâyelerinde Kesilmiş/Parçalanmış Ölü Bedenler.” KARE, no. 11 (2021): 257–73.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kılıç, Gözde. “From Mystical to Morbid Love: The Emergence of Sexual Science and Gender Ideology in the Late Ottoman Empire and Early Turkish Republic.” Max Weber Programme Working Papers, 2023, 1–27.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat. Bugünkü Edebiyat. Edited by Mehmet Akif Çeçen and Ahmet Balcı. Akçağ Yayınları, 2007.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Krafft-Ebing, Richard von. Psychopathia Sexualis: With Especial Reference to Antipathic Sexual Instinct: A Medico-Forensic Study. Rebman, 1899.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kristeva, Julia. Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. Edited by Leon S. Roudiez. Columbia University Press, 1982.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lasserre, Joseph-René-Raoul. Origine animale, innéite et éclosion de la perversion Sadique. Imprimerie du Midi, 1898.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Levend, Agâh Sırrı. Türk Dilinde Gelişme ve Sadeleşme Safhaları. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1949.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marquis de Sade. Justine, Philosophy in the Bedroom and other Writings. Translated by Richard Seaver and Austryn Wainhouse. Grove Press, 1965.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mignon, Laurent. Uncoupling Language and Religion: An Exploration into the Margins of Turkish Literature. Academic Studies Press, 2021.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Moore, Alison M. “The Invention of Sadism? The Limits of Neologisms in the History of Sexuality.” Sexualities 12, no. 4 (August 2009), 486–502.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. Sexual Myths of Modernity: Sadism, Masochism, and Historical Teleology. Lexington Books, 2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nancy, Jean-Luc. The Inoperative Community. Translated by Peter Connor, et al. University of Minnesota Press, 1991.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nâzım Şakir, Aşk-ı Marazî. Matbaa-ı Hayriye ve Sürekası, 1910.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nordau, Max Simon. Degeneration. D. Appleton and Company, 1895.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nüzhet Hâşim. Millî Edebiyata Doğru. İstanbul Cemiyet Kütüphanesi, 1918.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ogur, Erol. “Ortaokul Türkçe Ders Kitaplarında Ömer Seyfettin ve Hikâyeleri.” In Vefatının 100. Yılında Ömer Seyfettin’e Armağan, edited by Alev Sınar Uğurlu and Selçuk Kırlı, 329–46. Türk Ocağı Yayınları, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oosterhuis, Harry. Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry, and the Making of Sexual Identity. University of Chicago Press, 2000.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ömer Seyfettin. “Yeni Lisan.” Genç Kalemler 2, no. 1 (April 11, 1911): 1–7.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. Vatan! Yalnız Vatan... Rumeli Matbaası, 1911.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. “Beyaz Lâle.” Hitam 61, no. 13 (28 September 1914), supplemental section, 4–5.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. “Edebiyatta Artta Kalış (Survivance).” Turan, no. 1398 (18 September 1915), 1.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. Harem. Türk Kadını Mecmuası Yayınları, 1918.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. “Horoz.” Vakit, no. 764 (22 December 1919), 3.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. “Dünyanın Nizâmı.” Vakit, no. 769 (27 December 1919), 3.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">———. Bütün Hikâyeleri. Edited by Nâzım Hikmet Polat. Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özdemir, Serkan. “Ömer Seyfettin’in İdeolojik ve Edebî Kaynakları.” In Ömer Seyfettin İçin, edited by Nâzım H. Polat and Filiz Ferhatoğlu. Türk Ocağı Yayınları, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Öztürk, Veysel. ““Genç Kalem”in Karanlık Dili: Ömer Seyfettin’in Hikâyelerinde Kötülük.” Nesir: Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 (April 2025), 153–73.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özyurt, Cevat. “Dilde ve Edebiyatta Uluslaşma: Genç Kalemler ve Yeni Lisan Hareketi.” Muhafazakâr Düşünce 2, no. 5 (2005): 53–79.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Parlatır, İsmail, and Nurullah Çetin, eds. Genç Kalemler Dergisi. Türk Dil Kurumu, 1999.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Phelan, James. Narrative as Rhetoric: Technique, Audiences, Ethics, Ideology. The Ohio State University Press, 1996.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Polat, Nâzım Hikmet. Ömer Seyfettin: Bütün Nesirleri (Fikralar, Makaleler, Mektuplar ve Çeviriler). Türk Dil Kurumu, 2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Roche, Geoffrey. “Black Sun: Bataille on Sade.” Janus Head 9, no. 1 (2006), 157–80.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sağlam, Nuri. “Hümanist Bir Tarihçinin Özgürlük Dersleri’nde Milliyet Düşmanlığı ve Ömer Seyfeddin Demonolojisi.” In Ömer Seyfettin İçin, edited by Nâzım H. Polat and Filiz Ferhatoğlu, 155–87. Türk Ocağı Yayınları, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Seviner, Zeynep. “Thinking in French, Writing in Persian: Aesthetics, Intelligibility, and the Literary Turkish of the 1890s.” In Ottoman Culture and the Project of Modernity: Reform and Translation in the Tanzimat Novel, edited by Monica M. Ringer and Etienne Charrière, 19–36. I.B. Tauris, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sontag, Susan. Regarding the Pain of Others. Picador, 2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Soydan, Serdar, ed. Ah Bu Sevda! Türk Edebiyatında “Öteki” Cinsellik Öyküleri: 1872–1928. Sel Yayıncılık, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref74">
                        <label>74</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stein, Andrew. “The Use and Abuse of History: Habermas’ MisReading of Bataille.” Symplokē 1, No. 1 (Winter 1993), 21–58.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref75">
                        <label>75</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tansel, Fevziye Abdullah. Namık Kemal’ın Mektupları III (Midilli Mektupları II). Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1973.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref76">
                        <label>76</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Winnubst, Shannon. “Bataille’s Queer Pleasures: The Universe as Spider or Spit.” In Reading Bataille Now, edited by Shannon Winnubst, 75–93. Indiana University Press, 2007.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref77">
                        <label>77</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yetiş, Kâzım. Namık Kemal’in Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Üzerine Görüşleri ve Yazıları. Istanbul Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, 1989.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
