<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2149-3871</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30783/nevsosbilen.1827270</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Recreation Sociology</subject>
                                                            <subject>Entertainment Sociology</subject>
                                                            <subject>Communication Sociology</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Boş Zaman Sosyolojisi</subject>
                                                            <subject>Eğlence Sosyoloji</subject>
                                                            <subject>İletişim Sosyolojisi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <article-title>Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal medya bağımlılığını etkileyen faktörler: Sosyal medya kullanım amacı ve kişilik özellikleri</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Factors influencing social media addiction among university students: The role of social media use purpose and personality traits</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3021-6668</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Arı</surname>
                                    <given-names>Furkan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5782-3794</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Türk</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SİNOP ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8978-0291</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Üzümcü</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ebrar</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SİVAS CUMHURİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6918-289X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Önder</surname>
                                    <given-names>Sefa Oğulcan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>BAŞKENT ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260326">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>26</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>16</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>552</fpage>
                                        <lpage>565</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251120">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>20</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260217">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>17</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2011, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <abstract><p>Bu araştırma, üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeylerini, kullanım amaçlarını ve kişilik özelliklerinin bu bağımlılık üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama modeliyle yürütülen çalışmaya, kolayda ve kartopu örnekleme yöntemleriyle ulaşılan 420 öğrenci (329 kadın, 91 erkek) katılmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-Yetişkin Formu, Sosyal Medya Kullanım Amaçları Ölçeği ve Beş Faktör Kişilik Özellikleri Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, öğrencilerin sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeylerinin düşük olduğunu ve sosyal medyayı en çok içerik tüketimi ve eğlence amacıyla kullandıklarını göstermektedir. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizine göre, sosyal medya kullanım amaçlarından içerik tüketimi ve eğlence, kendini ifade etme ve toplumsal etkileşim ile sosyal bağlantı ve insan ilişkileri, bağımlılığı anlamlı biçimde pozitif yönde yordamaktadır. Kişilik özellikleri açısından ise yalnızca dışadönüklük sosyal medya bağımlılığıyla pozitif ilişki göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, sosyal medya bağımlılığının daha çok kullanım amaçlarından kaynaklandığını, kişilik özelliklerinin etkisinin ise sınırlı kaldığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu durum, üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal medya bağımlılığını azaltmaya yönelik müdahalelerde kullanım motivasyonlarının dikkate alınması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study examines university students’ levels of social media addiction, their purposes of use, and the effects of personality traits on this addiction. Using a quantitative research design based on the relational screening model, data were collected from 420 students (329 female, 91 male) through convenience and snowball sampling methods. The data collection tools included the Social Media Addiction Scale–Adult Form, the Social Media Use Purposes Scale, and the Big Five Personality Traits Scale. Findings revealed that students’ social media addiction levels were generally low, and they primarily used social media for content consumption and entertainment purposes. According to the results of the hierarchical regression analysis, content consumption and entertainment, self-expression and social interaction, and social connection and interpersonal relations significantly and positively predicted social media addiction. Among personality traits, only extraversion showed a positive relationship with social media addiction. Overall, the results indicate that social media addiction is mainly driven by usage motives rather than personality traits. These findings highlight the importance of addressing social media use motivations in efforts to reduce social media addiction among university students.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Sosyal medya bağımlılığı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  kişilik özellikleri</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sosyal medya kullanım amacı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  üniversite öğrencileri</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                                                        <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>social media addiction</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  personality traits</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  purpose of social media use</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  university students</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akın, M. (2017). Gençlerin internet bağımlılığı düzeyleri ve sosyal medya tercihlerinin etkileri üzerine bir araştırma. Uluslararası Yönetim ve Pazarlama Dergisi, 7(2), 256-262.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Altayef, H. A. A., &amp; Karacı, A. (2019). Analysis of social media addiction and usage purposes among secondary-school students in Turkey. AJIT-E: Academic Journal of Information Technology, 10(38), 7-34. https://doi.org/10.5824/1309-1581.2019.3.001.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alshowkan, A., &amp; Shdaifat, E. (2025). Fear of missing out, social media addiction, and personality traits among nursing students: Cross-Sectional Study. 8, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2196/71502</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Amichai-Hamburger, Y., &amp; Vinitzky, G. (2010). Social network use and personality. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 1289-1295.   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.018</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Andreassen, C., Pallesen, S., &amp; Griffiths, M. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287-293.   http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arcan, K. (2023). COVID-19 pandemisinin sosyal medya bağımlılığına etkisi: Üniversite öğrencilerinde bir inceleme. Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(2), 187-204.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aslan, T. (2020). Sosyal medya kaygısı ile sosyal medya bağımlılığı arasındaki ilişki [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Çağ Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Atmacan, B., &amp; Durucasu, R. R. (2025). Sosyal medya kullanım amaçları ile sosyal medya bağımlılığının satın alma davranışı üzerindeki etkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 83, 349-366. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1583619</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baş, Ö., Sunam Audry, A., İnceoğlu, İ., … Kaya, Y. B. (2023). Türkiye’de genç yetişkinlerin sosyal medya kullanımları ve paylaşım türlerinin incelenmesi. Intermedia International E-journal, 10(18), 136-159. https://doi.org/10.56133/intermedia.1259262</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bahat, İ. (2023). Beyond the screen: An in-depth examination of social media habits among university students. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 10(4), 928-941. https://dx.doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2023.10.4.1281</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bengtsson, S., &amp; Johansson, S. (2022). The meanings of social media use in everyday life: filling empty slots, everyday transformations, and mood management. Social Media + Society, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221130292</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Buffardi, L. E., &amp; Campbell, W. K. (2008). Narcissism and social networking web sites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(10), 1303-1314.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208320061</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bulduk, M., &amp; Can, V. (2022). Sosyal medya bağımlılığı üzerine bir araştırma: Üniversite öğrencilerinden meslek yüksekokulu örneği. Journal of Infant, Child and Adolescent Health, 2(2), 107–117.  https://jicah.com/index.php/pub/article/view/26</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Büyükşener, E. (2009, Aralık, 12-13). Türkiye&#039;de sosyal ağların yeri ve sosyal medyaya bakış. [Sözlü sunum] XIV. Türkiye&#039;de İnternet Konferansı Bildirileri, İstanbul.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Camilla, K. L., Chan, K. L., Lu, Y., Chui, W. W. H., &amp; Patrick, I. (2023). Long-term effects of psychosocial interventions on internet-related disorders: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 138(19):107465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107465</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Caplan S.E. (2010). Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: A two-step approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 26 (5), 1089–1097.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Carpenter, C. J. (2012). Narcissism on Facebook: Self- promotional and anti- social behavior. Personality and Individual Diffirences, 52(4), 482-486.   https://doi/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.011</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cuong, T. V., Khai, N. T., Oo,T. Z., &amp; Józsa, K. (2025). The impact of social media use motives on students’ GPA: The mediating role of daily time usage. Education Sciences, 15(3), 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15030317</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çiçek, İ., &amp; Aslan, A. E. (2020). Kişilik ve beş faktör kişilik özellikleri: Kuramsal bir çerçeve. Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 137-147.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çömlekçi, M. F., &amp; Başol, O. (2019). Gençlerin sosyal medya kullanım amaçları ile sosyal medya bağımlılığı ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(4), 173-188.   https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.525652</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive–behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dhanwal, S. (2023). Purpose and extent of use of social media by students. Computer, Gujarat Journal of Extension Education, 35 (2), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.56572/gjoee.2023.35.2.0023</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erdem, S., &amp; Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2024). Sosyal medya bağımlılığının yordayıcıları olarak temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar ve utangaçlık. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(89), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1330886</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ferris, A. L., Hollenbaugh, E. E., &amp; Sommer, P. A. (2021). Applying the uses and gratifications model to examine consequences of social media addiction. Social Media + Society, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211019003</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS. Sage Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gallego, A. &amp; Pardos-Prado, S. (2014) The big five personality traits and attitudes towards immigrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 40(1), 79-99, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.826131</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">George, D., &amp; Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, Pearson.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Griffiths, M. (2005). A components model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Griffiths, M.D. (2013). Social networking addiction: Emerging themes and issues. Journal of Addiction Research &amp;Therapy, 4(5), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000e118</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., &amp; Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Social networking addiction: An overview of preliminary findings. In K. P. Rosenberg &amp; L. Curtiss Feder (Eds.), Behavioral addictions: Criteria, evidence, and treatment (pp. 119–141). Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407724-9.00006-9</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gong, J., &amp; Popescu, A. (2025). The impact of a digital literacy intervention on internet addiction and social skills in undergraduate students. Journal of Adolescent and Youth Psychological Studies, 6(3), 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.jayps.6.3.13</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Horzum, M. B. (2016). Examining the relationship to gender and personality on the purpose of facebook usage of turkish university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.010</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Horzum, M.B, Ayas, T., &amp; Padır, M. A. (2017). Büyük beş kişilik özelliği ölçeğinin Türk kültürüne uyarlanması. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 7(2), 398-408. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.298430</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaplan, M. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeyleri, sosyal medya kullanım amaçları ve bağlanma stilleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karasar, N. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kalam, A., Goi, C. L., &amp; Tiong Y., Y. (2023). Student motivations for social media use and their effects on academic performance- A meditational approach in emerging market. Interactive Technology and Smart Education 1, 20 (3), 313–334. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITSE-09-2022-0115</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kircaburun, K., Alhabash, S., Tosuntaş, Ş. B., &amp; Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Uses and gratifications of problematic social media use among university students: A simultaneous examination of the Big Five of personality traits, social media platforms, and social media use motives. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(3), 525–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-018-9940-6</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kovan, A., &amp; Gülbahçe, A. (2025). Social media user profiles and addiction levels according to five factor model of personality traits. Journal of Gambling Issues, 1-20.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Köroğlu, E., &amp; Bayraktar, S. (2011). Kişilik bozuklukları. HYB.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuss, D.J., &amp; Griffiths, M. (2011). Online social networking and addiction—A review of the psychological literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8, 3528-52.   https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8093528</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuss, D. J., &amp; Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030311</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Landers, R. N., &amp; Lounsbury, J. W. (2006). An investigation of big five and narrow personality traits in relation to internet usage. Computers In Human Behavior, 22(2), 283-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.06.001</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Li, C., Ning, G., Xia, Y., Guo, K., &amp; Liu, Q. (2022). Does the internet bring people closer together or further apart? The impact of internet usage on interpersonal communications. Behav Sci (Basel), 12(11):425. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12110425</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">McCrae, R. R., &amp; Costa, P. T. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">McCrae, R. R., &amp; John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175–215.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mousoulidou, M., Christodoulou, A., Averkiou, E., &amp; Pavlou, I. (2024). Internet and Social Media Addictions in the Post-Pandemic Era: Consequences for Mental Well-Being and Self-Esteem. Social Sciences, 13(12), 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13120699</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mutlu, Ş. (2025). Sanal dünyada gerçek tutsaklık: sosyal medya bağımlılığı üzerine bir derleme. Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 19-38. https://doi.org/10.60107/maunef.1707352</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ökten, M. S. (2023). Sosyal medya kullanım amaçları ölçeği: Üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde bir validasyon çalışması. Mavi Atlas, 11(2), 238-254. https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.1325896</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özgan, Ö. (2022). Karanlık üçlünün üretkenlik karşıtı iş davranışlarıyla ilişkisi: Sağlık çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özkalp, E., &amp; Kırel, Ç. (2011). Örgütsel davranış. Ekin.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özmen, S., &amp; Kocakaya, K. (2024). Sağlık yönetimi öğrencilerinde sosyal medya bağımlılığının karanlık kişilik özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 35, 146-159.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Öztürk, M., Türk, A., Gönültaş, B. M., &amp; Aydemir, İ. (2023). Mediator role of social media use on the effect of negative emotional state of young adults on hopelessness during COVID-19 outbreak. Archives of Health Science and Research, 10(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.5152/ArcHealthSciRes.2022.22096</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Parveiz, S., Amjad, A., &amp; Ayub, S. (2023). Fear of missing out (FOMO), social comparison and social media addiction among young adults. Pakistan Journal of Applied Psychology (PJAP), 3(1), 224–235. https://doi.org/10.52461/pjap.v3i1.1283</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pazdur, M., Tutus, D. &amp; Haag, A.C. (2025).  Risk factors for problematic social media use in youth: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Adolescent Res Rev 10, 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-025-00264-4</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pertegal, M. A., Oliva, A., &amp; Rodríguez-Meirinhos, A. (2019). Development and validation of the Scale of Motives for using social networking sites (SMU-SNS) for adolescents and youths. PLoS ONE, 14(2).   https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225781</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rammstedt, B., &amp; John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 203–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sağlam, A. (2012). Çalışanların ve yöneticilerin sosyal istenirlik ve özgünlük düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Maltepe Üniversitesi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sanal Özcan, Y., &amp; Özer, Ö. (2017). Smartphone addiction and the use of social media among university students. Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 367-377.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Savcı, M., &amp; Aysan, F. (2017). Teknolojik bağımlılıklar ve sosyal bağlılık: İnternet bağımlılığı, sosyal medya bağımlılığı, dijital oyun bağımlılığı ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığının sosyal bağlılığı yordayıcı etkisi. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 30(3), 202-216.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sarwar, R., Akhtar, S., Sarwar, A., Shahid, M., Komal, F., Chandni, M., &amp; Majid, M. (2025). Impact of personality traits, social media addiction, and academic resilience in college students. ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences, 4(2), 495-503. https://doi.org/10.63056/ACAD.004.02.0192</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sharma, M.K., &amp; Palanichamy, T.S. (2018). Psychosocial interventions for technological addictions. Indian J Psychiatry, 60 (4), 541-545. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_40_18</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shatz I. (2022). Sosyal medyanın tehlikeleri nelerdir? Sosyal medya kullanımı insan psikolojisini nasıl etkiliyor?  Evrim Ağacı. https://evrimagaci.org/sosyal-medyanin-tehlikeleri-nelerdir-sosyal-medya-kullanimi-insan-psikolojisi-nasil-etkiliyor-13066</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Siah, P. C., Hue, J. Y., Wong, B. Z. R., &amp; Goh, S. J. (2021). Dark triad and social media addiction among undergraduates: Coping strategy as a mediator. Contemporary Educational Technology, 13(4), ep320.   https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/11104</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şahin, C., &amp; Yağcı, M. (2017). Sosyal medya bağımlılığı ölçeği- yetişkin formu: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1), 523-538.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tarhan, N., &amp; Nurmedov, S. (2014). Bağımlılık sanal veya gerçek. Timaş.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tek, T., &amp; Özsarı, A. (2025).  Digital literacy,phubbing, and mental well-being in the digital age: A study on young university athletes. Front. Psychiatry 16:1638959. https://10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1638959</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tekin, Ö. A., &amp; Turhan, A. A. (2020). Does social media addiction differ by personality traits? A study on undergraduate tourism students. Journal of Tourism and Services, 22(12), 23-41. https://doi.org/110.29036/jots.v12i22.220</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türk, A., &amp; Türk, S. (2024). Genç yetişkinlerde sosyal medya kullanım amaçlarının umutsuzluğa etkisi. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (37), 274-286. https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1416124</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2024). Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri (BT) Kullanım Araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-KullanimArastirmasi-2024-53492</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., Lemmens, J. S., &amp; Valkenburg, P. M. (2016). The social media disorder scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 478–487.   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.038</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">We Are Social (2024). Dijital 2024: 5 milyar sosyal medya kullanıcısı. https://wearesocial.com/us/blog/2024/01/digital-2024-5-billion-social-media-users/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Whiting, A., &amp; Williams, D. (2013). Why people use social media: a uses and gratifications approach. Qualitative Market Research. International Journal, 16(4), 362-369.   https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2013-0041</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref74">
                        <label>74</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yang, S. C., &amp; Tung, C.J. (2007). Comparison of Internet addicts and non-addicts in Taiwanese high school. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(1), 79–96.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.03.037</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref75">
                        <label>75</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Young, K.S. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy with ınternet addicts: Treatment outcomes and ımplications, Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 10(5), 671679.  https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9971</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref76">
                        <label>76</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zawawi, S. M. N. A., Bolong, J., Adzharuddin, N. A., &amp; Kuppusamy, E. (2025). Exploring loneliness and social media addiction: Key drivers of phubbing behaviour. SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research, 17(5), 134-148.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref77">
                        <label>77</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhao, L. (2021).  The impact of social media use types and social media addiction on subjective well-being of college students: A comparative analysis of addicted and non-addicted students, Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4, 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100122</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
