Increased Atherogenic Indices and Basal Cell Carcinoma

Year 2024, , 1 - 6, 30.01.2024

Cemile Öz Kaymaz , Necat Yılmaz , Esin Eren

https://doi.org/10.56766/ntms.1297303

Abstract

Objective: Atherosclerosis and cancer are chronic diseases that are considered to be two of the most common causes of death. Given that both diseases are chronic multifactorial, they may also share many etiological and mechanistic processes. Inflammatory processes and oxidative stress are also important factors in the development of both atherosclerosis and cancer. The aim of this study is to provide new evidence, not included in the literature, between calculable atherogenicity risk indices and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) formation, and to encourage the identification of closer molecular links between these two pathologies.
Materials and Methods: Atherogenic plasma index (AIP), atherogenic index (AI) and Lipoprotein combined index (LCI) were calculated using mathematical formulas and routine lipid values. The routine lipid parametres and atherogenic index values of the BCC patients (n: 39) were compared with the controls (n: 44). Unpaired t-test were used for parameters with normal distribution and Mann-Whitney test were used for non-normally distributed parameters.
Results: Among the serum lipid parameters, only low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) were significantly increased in the patient group. However, all atherogenic indices (AIP, AI and LCI) were found to be statistically significantly higher in the patient group (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: Atherosclerosis is associated with a variety of comorbidities; this preliminary study showed an increase in atherogenic risk indices in elderly patients with BCC. There is no doubt that index calculations such as AIP, AI and LCI will increasingly be included in cancer research. Future studies with large participation may better show the clinical importance of serum lipid values and atherogenic risk index calculations.

Keywords

Basal cell carcinoma, Cancer, Atherogenic Index, Lipid

Supporting Institution

This study received no financial support from anywhere

Thanks

Thank you for your time and assistance

References

• 1. Tapia-Vieyra JV, Delgado-Coello B, Mas-Oliva J. Atherosclerosis and Cancer; A Resemblance with Far-reaching Implications. Arch Med Res. 2017; 48(1):12-26.
• 2. Devine C, Srinivasan B, Sayan A, Ilankovan V. Epidemiology of basal cell carcinoma: a 10-year comparative study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018; 56(2):101-106.
• 3. Bickers DR, Athar M. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of skin disease. J Invest Dermatol. 2006; 126(12):2565-75.
• 4. Anghaei S, Kamyab-Hesari K, Haddadi S, Jolehar M. New diagnostic markers in basal cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2020; 24(1):99-105.
• 5. Zamanian A, Rokni G R, Ansar A, Mobasher P, JazinG A. Should variation of serum lipid levels be considered a risk factor for the development of basal cell carcinoma? Adv Biomed Res. 2014; 3:108. 6. Aksoy H, Aksoy Sarac G, Din￧er Rota D, Acar O, Nay�r T. Do patients with psoriasis are at higher risk for atherogenity? A case-control study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022; 21(8):3598-602. 7. Tagoe E A, Dwamena-Akoto E, Nsaful J, Aikins A R, Clegg-Lamptey JN, Quaye O. High atherogenic index of plasma and cardiovascular risk factors among Ghanaian breast cancer patients. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020; 245(18):1648-55.
• 8. Arora M K, Seth S, Dayal S, Trehan A S, Seth M. Serum lipid profile in female patients with severe acne vulgaris. Clin Lab. 2014; 60(7):1201-205.
• 9. Bitorina A V, Oligschlaeger Y, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Theys J. Low profile high value target: The role of Ox-LDL in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2019; 1864(12):158518.
• 10. Patel P S, Shah MH, Jha F P, et al. Alterations in plasma lipid profile patterns in head and neck cancer and oralprecancerous conditions. Indian J Cancer. 2004; 41(1):25-31.
• 11. Cai G, Shi G, Xue S, Lu W. The atherogenic index of plasma is a strong and independent predictor for coronary artery disease in the Chinese Han population. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017; 96(37): e805.
• 12. Nam KW, Kwon HM, Park JH, Kwon H. The Atherogenic Index of Plasma is Associated With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Lipid Atheroscler. 2022; 11(3):262-71.
• 13. Hong L, Han Y, Deng C, Chen A. Correlation between atherogenic index of plasma and coronary artery disease in males of different ages: a retrospective study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2022; 22(1):440.
• 14. Zhu X, Yu L, Zhou H et al. Atherogenic index of plasma is a novel and better biomarker associated with obesity: a population-based cross-sectional study in China. Lipids Health Dis. 2018; 17(1):37.
• 15. Kubong LN, Biapa PCN, Chetcha B, Yanou-Njintang N, Ama VJM, Pieme CA. Relationship between Higher Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Oxidative Stress of a Group of Patients Living with Sickle Cell Anemia in Cameroon. Adv Hematol. 2020; 2020:9864371.
• 16. Sobhani M, Taheri AR, Jafarian AH, Hashemy SI. The activity and tissue distribution of thioredoxin reductase in basal cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2016; 142(11):2303-307.
• 17. Munir R, Usman H, Hasnain S, Smans K, Kalbacher H, Zaidi N. Atypical plasma lipid profile in cancer patients: Cause or consequence? Biochimie. 2014; 102:9-18.
• 18. dos Santos CR, Domingues G, Matias I, et al. LDL-cholesterol signaling induces breast cancer proliferation and invasion. Lipids Health Dis. 2014; 13:16.
• 19. His M, Zelek L, Deschasaux M et al. Prospective associations between serum biomarkers of lipid metabolism and overall, breast and prostate cancer risk. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014; 29(2):119-32.
• 20. Shahy EM, Taha MM, Ibrahim K S. Assessment of YKL?40, lipid profile, antioxidant status, and some trace elements in benign and malignant breast proliferation. Mol Biol Rep. 2020; 47(9):6973-82.
• 21. Rana JS, Boekholdt SM. Should we change our lipid management strategies to focus on non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol? Curr Opin Cardiol. 2010; 25(6):622-26.
• 22. Zab?ocka-S?owi?ska K, P?aczkowska S, Sk￳rska K et al. Oxidative stress in lung cancer patients is associated with altered serum markers of lipid metabolism. PLoS One. 2019; 14(4):e0215246.
• 23. Lindemann K, Vatten LJ, Ellstr￸m-Engh M, Eskild A. Serum lipids and endometrial cancer risk: Results from the HUNT-II study. Int J Cancer. 2009; 124(12):2938-41.
• 24. Bo MS, Cheah WL, Lwin S, Nwe TM, Win TT, Aung M. Understanding the Relationship between Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Staff of an University in Malaysia. J Nutr Metab. 2018; 2018:7027624.
• 25. Bhardwaj S, Bhattacharjee J, Bhatnagar MK, Tyagi S, Delhi N. Atherogenic index of plasma, castelli risk index and atherogenic coefficient - new parameters in assessing cardiovascular risk. Int J Pharm Biol Sci. 2013; 3:359-64.
• 26. Hu D, Peng F, Lin X, et al. Prediction of three lipid derivatives for postoperative gastric cancer mortality: the Fujian prospective investigation of cancer (FIESTA) study. BMC Cancer. 2018; 18(1):785.
• 27. Karabay E, Karsiyakali N, Duvar S, Tosun C, Aslan AR, Yucebas OE. Relationship between plasma Atherogenic index and final pathology of Bosniak III-IV renal masses: a retrospective, single-center study. BMC Urol. 2019; 19(1):85.
• 28. Sander CS, Hamm F, Elsner P, Thiele JJ. Oxidative stress in malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol. 2003; 148(5):913-22.
• 29. Vural P, Canbaz M, Selcuki D. Plasma antioxidant defense in actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 1999; 13(2):96-101.