Roma İmparatorluğu’nun Doğu Politikasında Polemon Krallığı’nın Rolü

Abstract

Antik çağda Pontos Bölgesi, doğuda Kafkas Coğrafyası ile batıda Anadolu’yu birbirine bağlayan stratejik bir noktada yer alır. Tarihsel süreçte bölge, bulunduğu stratejik konumdan ötürü askerî ve siyasi alanda oldukça hareketli bir coğrafya olmuştur. Hellenistik Dönem’de Mithradates Krallığı’nın merkezinde yer alan bu coğrafya, Roma hâkimiyeti döneminde imparatorluğun doğuda yürüttüğü askerî faaliyetlerde ikmal üssü, hatta ileri bir garnizon görevi üstlenmiştir. Öyle ki Roma, kendisi için stratejik önem arz eden Pontos Bölgesi’ni coğrafi konumu, dağlık yapısı ve Roma hâkimiyet sahasına olan uzaklığından dolayı genellikle vassal krallıklarla yönetme yoluna gitmiştir. Roma’nın Pontos Bölgesi’nin yönetimini verdiği bu vassal krallıların başında ise Polemon Krallığı gelmektedir. Bu krallığın hanedanı üyeleri yaklaşık bir asır Pontos Bölgesi’ni Roma’ya bağlı bir krallık olarak yönetmiştir. Bu yönetim süresince krallık bölgede istikrarlı bir politika sürdürmüş, bu başarılarından dolayı da dönem dönem Roma tarafından yeni topraklarla ödüllendirilmiştir. Hanedanın son üyesi II. Polemon döneminde krallığın sınırları Pontos’dan başlayarak kuzeyde Bopsoros toprakları güneyde ise Armenia Minor’a kadar uzanmıştır. Polmeon Krallığı’nın bu bölgedeki başlıca görevi bir taraftan Roma hâkimiyetini bölgede tesis etmek iken, diğer taraftan Roma’nın doğu seferlerinde Roma ordularına ikmal ve asker desteğinde bulunmaktı. Bu çalışmada Polomon Krallığı’nın Pontos Bölgesi’ndeki faaliyetleri, krallığın Roma’nın doğu politikasında oynadığı rolü ve bölgenin Polemon Krallığı’nın güçlenmesindeki stratejik önemi incelenecektir.

Keywords

• Polemon Krallığı
• Pontos
• Roma
• Pythodoris
• Bosporos

The Role of the Polemon Kingdom in the Eastern Policy of the Roman Empire

Abstract

In antiquity, the Pontic region was located at a strategic point connecting the Caucasus in the east and Anatolia in the west. In the historical process, the region has been a very active geography in the military and political field due to its strategic location. This geography, which was at the center of the Mithradates Kingdom in the Hellenistic Period, served as a supply base and even an advanced garrison in the military activities of the empire in the east during the Roman rule. In fact, due to its geographical location, structure and distance from the Roman dominion, Rome usually ruled the Pontos Region, which was of strategic importance for Rome, with vassal kingdoms. The Kingdom of Polemon was the most important vassal kingdoms to which Rome gave the administration of the Pontus Region. The members of the dynasty of this kingdom ruled the Pontos Region for about a century as a kingdom dependent on Rome. During this administration, the kingdom maintained a stable policy in the region, and due to these successes, it was rewarded with new lands by Rome from time to time. The last member of the dynasty II. During the Polemon period, the borders of the kingdom started from Pontos and extended to Bopsoros lands in the north and Armenia Minor in the south. While the main task of the Kingdom of Polmeon in this region was to establish Roman dominance in the region, on the other hand, it was to supply and support the Roman armies in the eastern expeditions of Rome. In this study, attention will be drawn to the Kingdom of Polomon, the role of the kingdom in the eastern policy of Rome, and the strategic importance of the Pontos Region for both the Kingdom of Polemon and Rome.

Keywords

• Kingdom of Polemon
• Pontos
• Rome
• Pythodoris
• Bosporos

References

1. Appianus, Appian’s Roman History, with an English translation by H. White I-IV, London, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts: (1912-1913).
2. Caesar, Gaius Iulius. Alexandrian, African and Spanish Wars, with an English translation by A. G. Way. Harvard University Press London, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1955.
3. Cassius Dio, Roman History, with an English translation by E. Carry I-IX, Harvard University Press, London, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1914-1927).
4. Eutropius (2007), Roma Tarihinin Özeti, (Çev. Çiğdem Menzilcioğlu), İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınları.
5. Lucius Annaeus Florus, The Two Books of the Epitome, Extracted from Titus Livius, of all the Wars of Seven Hundred Years, with an English translation by E. S. Foster, Harvard University Press, London, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1929.
6. Iosephus, Flavius, The Jewish Antiquities, with an English translation by H. S. J. Thackeray I-IX, Harvard University Press, London, Cambridge, Massachusetts, (1930-1939).
7. Plinius, Gaius Secundus Pliny Natural History, with an English translation by H. R. Rackham, W. H. Jones, De E. Eichhoz I-X, Harvard University Press (Loeb), London, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1938-1971).
8. Plutarchus, Plutarch’s Lives, with an English translation by B. Perrin, I-IX, Harvard University Press, London and New York 1959.

9. Res Gestae, The Achievements of the Divine Augustus, with an Introduction and Commentary by P. A. Brunt and J. M. Moore, Oxford University Press, London and New York 1967.
10. “Strabo, The Geography of Strabo, with an English translation by H. L. Jones I-VIII, Harvard University Press (Loeb). London and New York (1917-1932).
11. Suetonius, On iki Caesar’ın Yaşamı, (Latinceden çev. Fafo Telatar - Gül Özaktürk), Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 2008. Tacitus, Annals: The Reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero, translated by J. C. Yardley, with an Introduction and Notes by Anthony A. Barrett, Oxford University Press Oxford and New York 2008.
12. Velleius Paterculus, Roman History: From Romulus and the Foundation of Rome to the Reign of the Emperor Tiberius, translated, with introduction and notes by J. C. Yardley and A. A Barrett, Hackett Publishing, United States America 2011.
13. ADCOCK, F.E., 1937. “Lesser Armenia and Galatia after Pompeius Settlement of East”, JRS, 27, ss. 12-17.
14. ANDERSON, J.G.C., 1979. “The Eastern Frontier under Augustus”, The Auigustan Empire, 44 B.C.-A.D. 70., CAH, X, Eds. S. A. Cook, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ss. 239-283.
15. ARSLAN, M., 2007. Romanın Büyük Düşmanı Mithridates VI Eupator, Odin Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
16. ARSLAN, M., 2000. Antik Çağ Anadolu’nun Savaşçı Kavmi Galatlar, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
17. BALLESTEROS-PASTOR, L., 2011. “Beyond the Tanais: Tacitus and Quintus Curtus”, AWE, 10, ss. 43-47.
18. BARRETT, A., 2002. Livia: First Lady of Imperial Rome, Yale University Press. New Haven & London.
19. BEKKER-NİELSEN, T., 2005. “The Technology and Productivity Ancient Sea Fishing”, Ancient Fishing and Fish Processing in the Black Sea, Black Sea Studies 5, The Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Black Sea Studies, Ed. Tønnes Bekker-Nielsen, Aarhus University Press, Denmark, ss. 83-95.
20. BELKE, K. - MERSICH, N., 1990. Phrygien und Pisidien, Tabula İmperii Byzantini 7, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Viyana.
21. BOWERSOCK, W.G., 1966. Augustus and Greek World, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
22. BRAUND, D., 1984. Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of Client Kingship, Routledge, London and New York.
23. BRAUND, D., “Coping with the Caucasus: Roman Responses to Local Conditions in Colchis”, The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire, (Proceedings of a Colloquium held at Ankara in September 1988), Eds. D.H. French and C.S. Lightfoot, British Institute of Archaeology, Ankara, ss. 31-43.
24. CANFORA, L., 2007. Iulius Caesar: The Life and Times of The People’s Dictator, English Translate by Marian Hill and Kevin Windle, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.
25. DEBEVOISE, N.C., 1968. A Political History of Parthia, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
26. DODGE, T.A., 1997.Caesar, Da Capo Press, London.
27. EDWELL, M.P., 2008. Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra under Roman Control, Routledge, London and New York.
28. EILERS, C., 2005. “A Roman East: Pompey’s Settlement to the Death of Augustus”, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Ed. A. Erskine, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, ss. 90-102.
29. EMİR, O., 2014. Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Pontos (MÖ IV. yy - MS III. yy.). Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Trabzon.
30. FANTHAM, E., 2006. Julia Augusti: the Emperor's Daughter (Women of the Ancient World, Routledge, Oxford and New York.
31. FREELY, J., 2010. Children of Achilles: The Greeks in Asia Minorsince the Days of Troy, I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd, London and New York.
32. FRYE, R.N., 1984. The History of Ancient Iran, C.H. Beck’sc he Verlags buch handlung, München.
33. GAMKRELIDZE, G., 2012. Researches in Iberia-Colchology (History and Archaeology of Ancient Georgia), Ed. D. Braund, Otar Lordkipanidze Centre of Archaeology of Georgian National Museum, Georgia.
34. GOLDSWORTHY, A. K., 2014. Caesar, (Çev.: E. Kurtluoğlu), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
35. GRUEN, S. E., 2008. “The Expansion of the Empire under Augustus”, The Augustan Empire 43 B.C-A.D. 69, CAH X, Ed. A. K. Bowman, Cambridge University Press, Oxford and New York, ss. 147-198.
36. HANSLIK, R., 1963. “Pythodoris”, RE, XXIV, cols. 581-585
37. HOFFMANN, W., 1952. “Polemon”, RE, XXI, cols. 1281-1287.
38. HØJTE, J.M., 2009. “The Administrative Organisation of the Pontic Kingdom içinde” Mithradates VI and the Pontic Kingdom, (Black Sea Studies 9, The Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Black Sea Studies), Ed. Jakop Munk Højte, Aarhurs University Press, Denmark, ss. 95-108.
39. HUMPHREYS, H.N., 1853. The Coin Collector’s Manual: or Guide to the Numismatic Student in the Formation of a Cabined of Coins, I, H.G. Bohn, York Street, Covent Garden, London.
40. HUZAR, E.G., 1978. Mark Antony: A Biography, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
41. JONES, A.H.M., 1998. The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
42. KALLET-MARX, R. M., 1995.Hegemony to Empire: The Development of the Roman Imperium in the East from 148 to 62 BC., Routledge, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford.
43. KAYA, M.A., 1998. “Anadolu’da Roma Egemenliği ve Pompeius’un Siyasal Düzenlemeleri”, TİD, 13, ss. 161-173.
44. KAYA, M.A., 2004. “Romalılar, Parthlar ve Armenia Krallığı (İ.Ö. 95-İ.S. 4)”, TİD, 19 (1), ss. 73-86.
45. KAYA, M.A., 2005. Anadolu’daki Galatlar ve Galatya Tarihi, İlya Yayınevi, İzmir:
46. KEARSLEY, R.A., 2005, Women and Public Life in Imperial Asia Minor: Hellenistic Tradition and Augustus Ideology, AWE, 4 (1), 98-121.
47. KRAPIVINA, V. V., 2007. “Ceramics from Sinope in Olbia Pontica”, Sinope: The Results of Fifteen Years of Research, (Proceedings of the International Symposium 7-9 May 2009), Ed.D. K. Tezgör, Brill, Leiden and Boston, ss. 467-477.
48. LEVICK, B., 1999. Tiberius: The Politician, Routladge, London and New York.
49. LUTTWAK, E., 1976. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
50. MAGIE, D., 1950. Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century After Christ I-II, Princeton, New Jersey.
51. MAREK C., 2003.Stadt, Ära und Territorium in Pontus-Bithynia und Nord-Galatia, Wasmuth, Tübingen.
52. MATTINGLY, H. - SYDENHAM, E.A., 1923. The Roman Imperial Coinage, Spink & Son, London.
53. MINNS, H. E., 1913. Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus, Cambridge University Press London and New York.
54. MITCHELL, S., 1995. Anatolia I: Land, Man and Gods in Asia Minor, the Celts in Anatolia and the Impact of the Roman Rule, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
55. MITFORD, B.T., 1974. “Some Inscription from the Cappadocia Lines”, JRS, 64, ss. 160-175.
56. MITFORD, B.T., 1980. “Cappadocia and Armenia Minor: Historical Setting of the Limes”, ANRW, II, 7.2, ss. 1170-1228.
57. MOMMSEN, T., 2004. The Roman History: The Provinces of the Roman Empire, from Caesar to Diocletion I, translations by W.P. Dickson and F. Haverfield, Gorgias Press, London and New Jersey.
58. OKTAN, M., 2008. “Roma Cumhuriyet Döneminde Pontos’da Yapılan Düzenlemeler”, Anadolu, 34, ss. 47-75.
59. OLSHAUSEN, E., 1980. “Pontos und Rom (63 v. Chr.-64 n. Chr.)”, ANRW, II 7.2, ss. 903-912.
60. OLSHAUSEN, E. - BILLER, J., 1984. Historisch-georaphicshe Aspekte der Geschicte des Pontischen und Armenischen Reiches. Tel I; Untersuchungen zur historischen Geographie von Pontos unter den Mithradatien, Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients 29/1, Rehie B (Geisteswissenschaften), Wiesbaden.
61. PRIMO, A., 2010. “The Client Kingdom of Pontus Between Mithridatism and Philoromanism”. Client Kings and Roman Principalities in the Roman Near East. Ed. T. Kaizer-M. Facella. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart, ss. 159-179.
62. SAPRIKIN, S. Yu., 2002. Bosporskoe Tsartsvo na rubeje dvuh epoh, Nauka, Moskva.
63. SCHLUDE, J. M., 2009. Rome, Parthia and Empire: The First of Roman –Parthian Relations, California University, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, California.
64. SCHÜRER, E., 1973. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.-A.D. 135) I, a new English translation version revised and edited by G. Vermes and F. Millar, Clark Ltd., Edinburg.
65. SCHWARTZ, R.D., 1990. Agrippa: The Last King of Judea, Tübingen.
66. SCULLARD, H.H., 2010. From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A. D. 68, with a new foreword by Dominic Rathbone, Routledge, London and New York.
67. SHERK, K.R., 1980. “Roman Galatia: The Governors from 25 B.C. to A.D. 114”, ANRW, II, 7/2, ss. 954-1052.
68. SHOTTER, D., 2005.Tiberius Caesar, Routladge, London and New York.
69. SYME, R., 1995. Anatolica: Studies in Strabo, Ed. A. Birley, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
70. SULLIVAN, D.R., 1980. “Dynasty in Pontus”, ANRW, II. 7. 2, ss. 913-930.
71. SULLIVAN, D.R., 1971. Some Dynastic Answers to the Armenian Question: A Study in East Anatolian Prosopography, University of California, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, California.
72. TALBERT, J.A.R. (Ed.). 2000. Map-By-Map Directory to Accompany, Barrington Atlas the Greek and Roman World, Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
73. TAŞDÖNER, K., 2012. “Romalı Triumvir Marcus Antonius’un Anadolu’da Siyasi Düzenlemeleri”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 31(51), ss. 209-236.
74. TAŞDÖNER, K., 2014. “Agustus Dönemi’nde Armenia: Roma-Parth Hakimiyet Mücadelesi”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 33(56), ss. 55-72.
75. TAŞDÖNER, K., 2016. “Anadolu’da Roma’ya Bağımlı Bir Krallık Kappadokia (İÖ 64 İS 17)”. Tarih Okulu Dergisi (XXVII), ss. 25-42.
76. TAŞDÖNER, K., 2017. Anadolu’da Roma Eyaletleri: Augustus Dönemi. İzmir: Bilge Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
77. TSETSKHLADZE, R. G., 1999. Pichvnari and Its Environs, 6th c BC-4th c AD: Annales Littéraires de l'Université de Franche-Comté, 659, Eds. M. Clavel-Lévêque and E. Geny, P. Lévêque, Presses Universitaires Franc-Comtoises, Paris.
78. WELLESLEY, K., 1953. “The Extent of the Territory added to Bithynia by Pompey”, RhMP, 96, ss. 292-318.
79. WESCH-KLEIN, G., 2001. “Bithynia, Pontus et Bithynia, Bithynia et Pontus –Ein Provinzname im Wandel der Zeit”. ZPE, 136, ss. 251-256.
80. WIEDEMANN, T.E.J., 2008. “Tiberius to Nero”, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.-A. D. 69, CAH, X, Ed. Alan K. Bowman, Cambridge University Press, New York, ss. 198-236.
81. WILLIAMS, T. B., 2012. Persecution in 1 Peter: Differentiating and Contextualizing Early Christian Suffering, Brill, Leiden and Boston:
82. WOJAN, F., 2007. “Trapézonte du Pont sous l'Empire romain: étude historique etcorpus monétaire”, Revue numismatique, 162, ss. 181-229.
83. VINOGRADOV, Yu. A. - GORONÇAROVSKIY, V.A., 2008. Voennaya istoriya i voennoe delo Bospora Kimmeriyskogo (VI v. do n.e. – seredina III v. n.e.), Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk İnstutut İstorii Matarial’noy Kul’turı, trudı. T. XXV, Filologiçeskiy fakul’tet Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, Sankt-Peterburg.