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Reasoning on Ancient Armenia’s Watercourses and the Roots of Mesopotamian Civilization: Hydrological, Geopolitical, and Cultural Dimensions

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 225 - 247, 25.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1611158

Abstract

This study delves into the multifaceted influence of ancient Armenian rivers—specifically the Tigris, Euphrates, Aras (Araxes), and Kura (Cyrus)—on the historical development of Mesopotamian civilizations. These rivers played pivotal roles in the Near East as geographical and hydraulic features and cultural, economic, strategic, and ideological elements. Utilizing an interdisciplinary approach, the research integrates ancient textual sources, archaeological findings, and geomorphological studies to uncover the complex functions of these waterways. Key themes include the impact on agricultural productivity, establishing trade networks, urbanization processes, and the symbolic representation of rivers in mythology, royal propaganda, and military strategies.
Civilizations such as the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians imbued these rivers with sacred and ideological significance, highlighting their central role in shaping cultural identities and political narratives. The Eastern Anatolian plateau's rugged terrains and volcanic landscapes influenced river flow regimes, presenting opportunities and challenges for ancient societies. These rivers served as vital conduits for trade and communication while acting as formidable logistical barriers during military campaigns. Assyrian and Urartian royal inscriptions illustrate how river crossings were framed ideologically, intertwining geography with divine sanction and sovereign power.
Moreover, the study examines the sophisticated irrigation and canal systems that transformed these rivers within the Fertile Crescent into engines of agricultural prosperity and urban development. Accounts from authors like Herodotus, Xenophon, Strabo, and Pliny provide insights into the varying perceptions of these rivers across different periods and cultures. Ultimately, the research underscores the indispensable role of ancient Armenian rivers in the interaction between natural landscapes and human civilization, offering valuable perspectives on historical water management and sustainability practices in the Near East.

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Antik Armenia’nın Akarsuları ve Mezopotamya Medeniyetinin Kökleri: Hidrolojik, Jeopolitik ve Kültürel Boyutlar

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 225 - 247, 25.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1611158

Abstract

Bu çalışma, antik Armenia nehirlerinin Mesopotamia’nın tarihi gelişimi üzerindeki çok yönlü etkisini derinlemesine incelemektedir. Tigris, Euphrates, Araxes ve Cyrus gibi nehirler, sadece coğrafi ve hidrolik özellikler olarak değil, aynı zamanda kültürel, ekonomik, stratejik ve ideolojik unsurlar olarak Yakındoğu genelinde önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Araştırma, disiplinler arası bir bakış açısıyla, antik metin kaynakları, arkeolojik buluntular ve jeomorfolojik çalışmaların sentezlenmesiyle bu nehirlerin karmaşık rollerini ortaya koymaktadır. Ana temalar arasında tarımsal verimlilik, ticaret ağları, kentleşme süreçleri üzerindeki etkileri ile mitoloji, kraliyet propagandası ve stratejik savaşlarda nehirlerin temsil edilmesi yer almaktadır. Sümerler, Babil halkları ve Asurlular gibi medeniyetlerin bu nehirleri kutsal ve ideolojik anlamlar yüklemesi, kültürel kimliklerin ve siyasi anlatıların şekillenmesinde nehirlerin merkeziliğini vurgulamaktadır.
Doğu Anadolu yaylasının engebeli arazileri ve volkanik manzaraları, nehir akış rejimlerini şekillendirerek antik toplumlar için fırsatlar ve zorluklar yaratmıştır. Nehirler, ticaret ve iletişim için hayati bağlantılar sağlarken, askeri seferler sırasında önemli lojistik engeller de oluşturmuştur. Asur ve Urartu kraliyet yazıtlarında görüldüğü üzere, nehir geçişlerinin ideolojik çerçevesi, coğrafyanın ilahi onay ve egemenlik gücüyle derinlemesine iç içe geçtiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, nehirler antik Yakın Doğu’nun jeopolitik ve ekonomik yapıları içinde değerlendirilmiş, sulama ve kanal sistemlerinin bu su yollarını tarımsal zenginlik ve kentsel refahın motorlarına dönüştürdüğü ortaya konmuştur. Hellen, Roma ve Yakındoğu yazarlarının (Herodotos, Ksenophon, Strabon, Plinius) hesaplarına dayanarak, bu nehirlerin farklı dönemler ve kültürel çevreler arasında nasıl algılandığı da incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma antik Armenia nehirlerinin doğal peyzajlar ile insan medeniyeti arasındaki etkileşimdeki vazgeçilmez rolünü vurgulamakta ve bölgedeki su yönetimi ve sürdürülebilirlik konularına dair önemli içgörüler sunmaktadır. Bu çok boyutlu perspektif, Yakındoğu tarihi ekolojisinin anlaşılmasını zenginleştirmekte ve insan ile çevresi arasındaki ilişkinin daha geniş bir tartışmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır.

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  • Akyol, H. (1949). Türkiye’de akarsu rejimleri. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 11–12, 1–34. İstanbul: Türk Coğrafya Kurumu Yayınları.
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  • Beckman, G. (2015). The name of the Tigris in antiquity. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 74(1), 87–94.
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  • Bottéro, J. (2001). Religion in ancient Mesopotamia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Bournoutıan, G. A. (2011). Ermeni tarihi: Ermeni halkının tarihine kısa bir bakış. İstanbul: Aras Yayıncılık.
  • Bryce, T. (2005). The kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cameron, G. G. (1950). The annals of Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria: A new text. Sumer, 6(1), 6–26.
  • Charpin, D. (2004). Histoire politique du Proche-Orient amorrite. Paris: Cerf.
  • Çiğdem, S., & Topaloğlu, Y. (2018). Eski Çağ’da Doğu Anadolu’nun iktisadi hayatı üzerine genel bir değerlendirme. In L. G. Gökçek, E. Yıldırım, & O. Pekşen (Eds.), Anadolu’nun Eskiçağlarında İktisadi ve Zirai Hayat (pp. 413–457). İstanbul: Değişim Yayınları.
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  • Dedeyan, G. (2015). Ermeni halkının tarihi (Ş. Çiltaş, Trans.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Dyer, H. T. (1872). Tigris. In A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography II (1208-1209).
  • Erinç, S. (1953). Doğu Anadolu coğrafyası. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enstitüsü Yayınları.
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  • Hartmann, R. (1979). Dicle. In Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı İslam Ansiklopedisi.
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There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects History of Old Asia Minor, Classical Greek and Roman History
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nusret Burak Özsoy 0000-0003-1675-4942

Submission Date January 1, 2025
Acceptance Date September 17, 2025
Early Pub Date September 17, 2025
Publication Date September 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özsoy, N. B. (2025). Reasoning on Ancient Armenia’s Watercourses and the Roots of Mesopotamian Civilization: Hydrological, Geopolitical, and Cultural Dimensions. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 7(2), 225-247. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1611158

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