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The Etruscan Question: A Consideration of their Homeland and Ethnic Identity

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 358 - 376, 25.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1665311

Abstract

This article explores the origins and ethnolinguistic identity of the Etruscans, an ancient people who inhabited central-western Italy during the early first millennium BCE. Ancient Greek and Roman writers consistently emphasized the Etruscans’ uniqueness, particularly in their language, religious customs, and material culture. However, these sources offered competing explanations for their homeland. The eastern origin theory, supported by Herodotus and Hellanicus, suggests that the Etruscans migrated from Lydia (Maionia) in western Anatolia during the upheavals of the Late Bronze Age. According to this account, they were part of the Sea Peoples known as the Turša or Tereš, who appear in Egyptian records from the 12th century BCE. Linguistic similarities between Etruscan and the language of the Lemnian inscription, along with cultural and religious parallels to Anatolian traditions, lend support to this theory. In contrast, Dionysius of Halicarnassus denied any foreign origin, arguing that the Etruscans were autochthonous to Italy. He based this view on differences in language, religion, and social institutions between the Etruscans and the Lydians. Some modern scholars agree, citing the continuity between Villanovan and Etruscan archaeological phases and the lack of clear evidence for mass migration. A third theory, now largely abandoned, posits a northern or Alpine origin, connecting the Etruscans with the Raetians. This paper reconsiders all three views and concludes that the balance of evidence, particularly from linguistic and archaeological sources, points toward an eastern origin with later integration into the Italic cultural landscape. The Etruscans appear to have settled in Etruria between the Tiber and Arno rivers, where they gradually gained dominance and gave their name to both the region and the Tyrrhenian Sea. Despite ongoing debates, the Etruscans’ legacy remains vital for understanding the cultural foundations of early Rome.

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Etrüskler Meselesi: Anayurtları ve Etnik Kimlikleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 358 - 376, 25.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1665311

Abstract

Bu makale, MÖ 1. binyılın başlarında Orta-Batı İtalya’da yaşamış antik bir halk olan Etrüsklerin kökenini ve etnik-dilsel kimliğini incelemektedir. Antik Yunan ve Roma yazarları, Etrüsklerin özellikle dilleri, dini gelenekleri ve maddi kültürleri bakımından diğer İtalik halklardan belirgin şekilde farklı olduklarını sürekli olarak vurgulamışlardır. Ancak bu yazarlar, Etrüsklerin anavatanı konusunda farklı ve çoğu zaman çelişkili açıklamalar sunmuşlardır. Doğu kökenli olduklarını savunan görüş, Herodotos ve Hellanikos tarafından desteklenmiş ve bu görüşe göre Etrüskler, Geç Tunç Çağı’nın sonlarındaki toplumsal çalkantılar sırasında Batı Anadolu’daki Lydia (Maionia) bölgesinden göç etmişlerdir. Bu anlatımda Etrüsklerin, MÖ 12. yüzyıla ait Mısır kaynaklarında geçen Turşa veya Tereş adıyla bilinen Deniz Kavimleri’nden biri oldukları öne sürülmektedir. Etrüskçe ile Lemnos Adası’nda bulunan yazıtın dili arasındaki benzerlikler ve Etrüsk diniyle Anadolu gelenekleri arasındaki kültürel paralellikler bu görüşü desteklemektedir. Buna karşılık, Halikarnassoslu Dionysios yabancı köken iddiasını reddetmiş ve Etrüsklerin İtalya’ya özgü (otokton) bir halk olduğunu savunmuştur. Dionysios bu görüşünü, Etrüsklerle Lydialılar arasındaki dil, din ve toplumsal kurum farklılıklarına dayandırmıştır. Bazı modern araştırmacılar da bu görüşe katılmakta; Villanova ve Etrüsk arkeolojik evreleri arasındaki sürekliliğe ve toplu bir göçü kanıtlayan açık verilerin eksikliğine dikkat çekmektedir. Günümüzde büyük ölçüde terk edilmiş olan üçüncü bir görüş ise Etrüsklerin kuzey (Alpler) kökenli olduklarını ve Raetialılarla akraba olduklarını öne sürmektedir. Bu makale, üç görüşü de yeniden değerlendirerek, özellikle dilsel ve arkeolojik kaynaklara dayalı verilerin, Etrüsklerin doğu kökenli oldukları ve zamanla İtalik kültürel yapıya entegre oldukları yönündeki görüşü desteklediği sonucuna varmaktadır. Etrüskler, Tiber ve Arno nehirleri arasındaki Etruria bölgesine yerleşerek burada giderek güç kazanmış, hem bu bölgeye hem de batısındaki denize (Tiren Denizi) kendi adlarını vermişlerdir. Devam eden tartışmalara rağmen, Etrüsklerin mirası erken Roma kültürel temellerinin anlaşılması açısından temel bir öneme sahiptir.

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There are 127 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Classical Greek and Roman History
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Ali Kaya 0000-0001-7499-4819

Mert Hasılcıoğlu 0000-0003-2033-3315

Early Pub Date September 17, 2025
Publication Date September 25, 2025
Submission Date March 25, 2025
Acceptance Date September 17, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kaya, M. A., & Hasılcıoğlu, M. (2025). The Etruscan Question: A Consideration of their Homeland and Ethnic Identity. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 7(2), 358-376. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1665311
AMA Kaya MA, Hasılcıoğlu M. The Etruscan Question: A Consideration of their Homeland and Ethnic Identity. OANNES. September 2025;7(2):358-376. doi:10.33469/oannes.1665311
Chicago Kaya, Mehmet Ali, and Mert Hasılcıoğlu. “The Etruscan Question: A Consideration of Their Homeland and Ethnic Identity”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7, no. 2 (September 2025): 358-76. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1665311.
EndNote Kaya MA, Hasılcıoğlu M (September 1, 2025) The Etruscan Question: A Consideration of their Homeland and Ethnic Identity. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7 2 358–376.
IEEE M. A. Kaya and M. Hasılcıoğlu, “The Etruscan Question: A Consideration of their Homeland and Ethnic Identity”, OANNES, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 358–376, 2025, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1665311.
ISNAD Kaya, Mehmet Ali - Hasılcıoğlu, Mert. “The Etruscan Question: A Consideration of Their Homeland and Ethnic Identity”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7/2 (September2025), 358-376. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1665311.
JAMA Kaya MA, Hasılcıoğlu M. The Etruscan Question: A Consideration of their Homeland and Ethnic Identity. OANNES. 2025;7:358–376.
MLA Kaya, Mehmet Ali and Mert Hasılcıoğlu. “The Etruscan Question: A Consideration of Their Homeland and Ethnic Identity”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 7, no. 2, 2025, pp. 358-76, doi:10.33469/oannes.1665311.
Vancouver Kaya MA, Hasılcıoğlu M. The Etruscan Question: A Consideration of their Homeland and Ethnic Identity. OANNES. 2025;7(2):358-76.

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