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The Lion Metaphor in Neo-Assyrian Royal Seals

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 377 - 388, 25.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1671169

Abstract

This study examines the depictions on Neo-Assyrian royal seals in an attempt to reveal the metaphorical connection between the king and the lion. In this context, royal inscriptions were also scanned, and the identifications between the king and the lion mentioned in the documents were identified. Typologically, Neo-Assyrian royal seals are divided into two main types. In the first type, the king's contest with a lion is depicted. In the seals belonging to the second category, only a depiction of a lion is found. Inscriptions are also present on the edges of some seal impressions. These seals were used until the end of the Neo-Assyrian period. What is intended to be conveyed through the lion depictions on the seals are the characteristics of the king. Expressions found in the kings' inscriptions, such as "I raged like a lion" or "I roared like a lion," confirm the metaphorical relationship between the king and the lion. The lion is paradoxically both the king's equal and his antithesis. The lion is the most powerful animal in the animal kingdom that kings could substitute for their rivals. In the lion's paradoxical equality with the king, the emphasis is on qualities such as being as strong, fierce, angry, magnificent, heroic, and warlike as the lion. In a metaphorical context, in the royal seals where only the lion is depicted, the lion is a direct symbol of the king. The king's contest with the lion also has a religious dimension. In the Neo-Assyrian period, the king's lion hunt is a type of animal sacrifice. From the royal inscriptions and scenes in reliefs, it is clearly seen that the lion hunt was a religious ceremony. The performance of libations in the lion hunt scenes in palace reliefs stems from the hunt being a ceremonial act.

Project Number

Çalışma, herhangi bir proje tarafından desteklenmemektedir.

References

  • Albenda, P. (1978). Of gods, men and monsters on Assyrian seals. The Biblical Archaeologist, 41(1), 17-22.
  • Ataç, M. A. (2006). Visual formula and meaning in Neo-Assyrian relief sculpture. The Art Bulletin, 88(1), 69-101.
  • Black, J. & Green, A. (1992). Gods, demons and symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia an illustrated dictionary. The British Museum Press.
  • Cameron, G. G. (1950). The annals of Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria: A new text. Sumer, 6(1), 6-26.
  • Cassin, E. (1981). Le roi et le lion. Reuve Philosophie de Louvain, 198, 355-401.
  • Collon, D. (1987). First İmpressions cylinder seals in the Ancient Near East. British Museum Publications.
  • Dick, M. B. (2006). The Neo-Assyrian royal lion hunt and Yahweh's answer to job. Journal of Biblical Literature, 125(2), 243-270.
  • Geva, S. (1980). A Neo-Assyrian cylinder seal from Beth-Shan. JANES,12, 45-49.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1976). Assyrian royal ınscriptions, Vol. 2-ARI II. Ottto Harrassowitz.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1991). Assyrian rulers of the early first millennium BC I (1114-859 BC)-RIMA II. University of Toronto Press.
  • Grayson, A. K. & Novotny, J. (2012). The royal inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian period, Vol. 3/1-RINAP 3/1, The royal inscriptions of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (704–681 BC), Part 1. Eisenbrauns.
  • Herbordt, S. (1997). Neo-Assyrian royal and administrative seals and their use. In Assyrien im wandel der zeiten, H. Waetzoldt & H. Hauptmann (Eds.) XXXIXe rencontre Assyriologique internationale Heidelberg (pp. 279-283).
  • Kağnıcı, G. (2020). Asur kral yazıtlarında hayvanlar: siyasi ve edebi kayıt geleneği üzerine bir değerlendirme. History Studies, 12(6), 2895-2918.
  • Luckenbil, D. D. (1927). Ancient records of Assyria and Babylonia, Vol. II-ARAB II. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Marcus, D. (1977). Animal similes in Assyrian royal inscriptions. Orientalia, 46(1), 86-106.
  • McMahon, A. (2009). The lion, the king and the cage: Late chalcolithic iconography and ideology in Northern Mesopotamia. Iraq, 71, 115-124.
  • Millard, A. R. (1965). The Assyrian royal seal type again. Iraq, 27(1),12-16.
  • Nadali, D. (2009-2010). “Neo-Assyrian state seals: An allegory of power, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, 18, 215-244.
  • Neiderreiter, Z. (2008). Le rôle des symboles figurés attribués aux membres de la Cour de Sargon II: Des emblèmes créés par les lettrés du palais au service de l'idéologie royale. Iraq, 70, 51-86.
  • Parker, B. (1962). Seals and seal impressions from the Nimrud excavations, 1955-58. Iraq, 24(1), 26-40.
  • Pekşen, O. & Topaloğlu, Y. (2024). A theocratic approach to governance in ancient times: Assyrians. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 24(1), 9-36.
  • Radner, K. (2008). The delegation of power: Neo-Assyrian bureau seals. P. Briant, WFM Henkelman and MW Stolper (Ed.), L‘archive des Fortifications de Persépolis: État des questions et Perspectives de Recherche (Persika 12) (pp. 481–515).
  • Sachs, A. J. (1953). The late Assyrian royal-seal type. Iraq, 15(2), 167-170.
  • Toptaş, K. (2022). Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu’nda saray rölyeflerinin ve anıtların propaganda aracı olarak kullanımı. Archivum Anatolicum, 16(1), 185-223.
  • Tsouparopoulou, C. (2014). Progress report: An online database for the documentation of seals, sealings, and seal impressions in the Ancient Near East. Studia Orientalia Electronica, 2, 37-68.
  • Ulanowski, K. (2015). The metaphor of the lion in Mesopotamian and Greek civilization. Mesopotamia in the Ancient World. Impact, Continuities, Parallels. Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium of the Melammu Project Held in Obergurgl, 255-285.
  • Watanabe, C. E. (2000). The lion metaphor in the Mesopotamian royal context. Topoi. Orient-Occident, 2, 399-409.
  • Watanabe, C. E. (2002). Animal symbolism in Mesopotamia a contextual approach. Wiener Offene Orientalistik 1, Institut für Orientalistik der Universität Wien.
  • Weissert, E. (1997). Royal hunt and royal triumph in a prism fragment of Ashurbanipal (82-5-22-2). S. Parpola and RM Whiting (Ed.), Asssyria 1995 Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project (pp. 339-358). The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
  • Winter, I. J. (1981). Royal rhetoric and the development of historical narrative in Neo-Assyrian reliefs. Studies in Visual Communication, 7(2), 2-38.

Yeni Asur Kraliyet Mühürlerinde Aslan Metaforu

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 377 - 388, 25.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1671169

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Yeni Asur kraliyet mühürlerindeki tasvirler incelenerek, kral ile aslanın metaforik bağlantısı ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda kral yazıtları da taranarak, belgelerde geçen kral-aslan özdeşlemeleri tespit edilmiştir. Yeni Asur kraliyet mühürleri tipolojik olarak başlıca iki türe ayrılmaktadır. Birinci türde kralın bir aslanla mücadelesi betimlenmiştir. İkinci kategoride olan mühürlerde sadece aslan tasviri bulunmaktadır. Bazı mühür baskılarının kenar kısımlarında yazıtlar da yer almaktadır. Söz konusu mühürler Yeni Asur döneminin sonuna kadar kullanılmıştır. Mühürler üzerindeki aslan tasvirleri ile anlatılmak istenen kralın özellikleridir. Kralların yazıtlarında geçen “aslan gibi öfkelendim” ya da “aslan gibi kükredim” ifadeleri, kral ile aslanın metaforik ilişkisini doğrulamaktadır. Aslan, paradoksal olarak hem kralın eşiti hem de zıttıdır. Aslan hayvanlar âlemi içinde kralların rakipleri yerine koyabileceği en güçlü hayvandır. Kralın aslanla paradoksal eşitliğinde ise vurgu yapılmak istenen aslan kadar güçlü, vahşi, kızgın, görkemli, kahraman ve savaşçı özellikleridir. Metaforik bağlamda sadece aslanın tasvir edildiği kraliyet mühürlerinde aslan direk kralın sembolüdür. Kralın aslan ile mücadelesinin dinsel boyutu da vardır. Yeni Asur döneminde kralın aslan avı bir tür hayvan kurbanıdır. Kral yazıtları ve rölyeflerdeki sahnelerden, aslan avının dinsel bir tören olduğu açıkça görülmektedir. Saray kabartmalarındaki aslan avı sahnelerinde libasyon yapılması avın törensel bir eylem olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Çalışma, etik kurul beyanı alınmasını gerektiren çalışma değildir.

Supporting Institution

Çalışmayı destekleyen herhangi bir kurum yoktur.

Project Number

Çalışma, herhangi bir proje tarafından desteklenmemektedir.

References

  • Albenda, P. (1978). Of gods, men and monsters on Assyrian seals. The Biblical Archaeologist, 41(1), 17-22.
  • Ataç, M. A. (2006). Visual formula and meaning in Neo-Assyrian relief sculpture. The Art Bulletin, 88(1), 69-101.
  • Black, J. & Green, A. (1992). Gods, demons and symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia an illustrated dictionary. The British Museum Press.
  • Cameron, G. G. (1950). The annals of Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria: A new text. Sumer, 6(1), 6-26.
  • Cassin, E. (1981). Le roi et le lion. Reuve Philosophie de Louvain, 198, 355-401.
  • Collon, D. (1987). First İmpressions cylinder seals in the Ancient Near East. British Museum Publications.
  • Dick, M. B. (2006). The Neo-Assyrian royal lion hunt and Yahweh's answer to job. Journal of Biblical Literature, 125(2), 243-270.
  • Geva, S. (1980). A Neo-Assyrian cylinder seal from Beth-Shan. JANES,12, 45-49.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1976). Assyrian royal ınscriptions, Vol. 2-ARI II. Ottto Harrassowitz.
  • Grayson, A. K. (1991). Assyrian rulers of the early first millennium BC I (1114-859 BC)-RIMA II. University of Toronto Press.
  • Grayson, A. K. & Novotny, J. (2012). The royal inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian period, Vol. 3/1-RINAP 3/1, The royal inscriptions of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (704–681 BC), Part 1. Eisenbrauns.
  • Herbordt, S. (1997). Neo-Assyrian royal and administrative seals and their use. In Assyrien im wandel der zeiten, H. Waetzoldt & H. Hauptmann (Eds.) XXXIXe rencontre Assyriologique internationale Heidelberg (pp. 279-283).
  • Kağnıcı, G. (2020). Asur kral yazıtlarında hayvanlar: siyasi ve edebi kayıt geleneği üzerine bir değerlendirme. History Studies, 12(6), 2895-2918.
  • Luckenbil, D. D. (1927). Ancient records of Assyria and Babylonia, Vol. II-ARAB II. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Marcus, D. (1977). Animal similes in Assyrian royal inscriptions. Orientalia, 46(1), 86-106.
  • McMahon, A. (2009). The lion, the king and the cage: Late chalcolithic iconography and ideology in Northern Mesopotamia. Iraq, 71, 115-124.
  • Millard, A. R. (1965). The Assyrian royal seal type again. Iraq, 27(1),12-16.
  • Nadali, D. (2009-2010). “Neo-Assyrian state seals: An allegory of power, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, 18, 215-244.
  • Neiderreiter, Z. (2008). Le rôle des symboles figurés attribués aux membres de la Cour de Sargon II: Des emblèmes créés par les lettrés du palais au service de l'idéologie royale. Iraq, 70, 51-86.
  • Parker, B. (1962). Seals and seal impressions from the Nimrud excavations, 1955-58. Iraq, 24(1), 26-40.
  • Pekşen, O. & Topaloğlu, Y. (2024). A theocratic approach to governance in ancient times: Assyrians. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 24(1), 9-36.
  • Radner, K. (2008). The delegation of power: Neo-Assyrian bureau seals. P. Briant, WFM Henkelman and MW Stolper (Ed.), L‘archive des Fortifications de Persépolis: État des questions et Perspectives de Recherche (Persika 12) (pp. 481–515).
  • Sachs, A. J. (1953). The late Assyrian royal-seal type. Iraq, 15(2), 167-170.
  • Toptaş, K. (2022). Yeni Asur İmparatorluğu’nda saray rölyeflerinin ve anıtların propaganda aracı olarak kullanımı. Archivum Anatolicum, 16(1), 185-223.
  • Tsouparopoulou, C. (2014). Progress report: An online database for the documentation of seals, sealings, and seal impressions in the Ancient Near East. Studia Orientalia Electronica, 2, 37-68.
  • Ulanowski, K. (2015). The metaphor of the lion in Mesopotamian and Greek civilization. Mesopotamia in the Ancient World. Impact, Continuities, Parallels. Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium of the Melammu Project Held in Obergurgl, 255-285.
  • Watanabe, C. E. (2000). The lion metaphor in the Mesopotamian royal context. Topoi. Orient-Occident, 2, 399-409.
  • Watanabe, C. E. (2002). Animal symbolism in Mesopotamia a contextual approach. Wiener Offene Orientalistik 1, Institut für Orientalistik der Universität Wien.
  • Weissert, E. (1997). Royal hunt and royal triumph in a prism fragment of Ashurbanipal (82-5-22-2). S. Parpola and RM Whiting (Ed.), Asssyria 1995 Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project (pp. 339-358). The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
  • Winter, I. J. (1981). Royal rhetoric and the development of historical narrative in Neo-Assyrian reliefs. Studies in Visual Communication, 7(2), 2-38.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects History of Old Asia Minor
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ebru Mandacı 0000-0001-7487-7057

Cebrail Yeşilçay 0000-0002-7091-6423

Project Number Çalışma, herhangi bir proje tarafından desteklenmemektedir.
Early Pub Date September 17, 2025
Publication Date September 25, 2025
Submission Date April 7, 2025
Acceptance Date September 17, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Mandacı, E., & Yeşilçay, C. (2025). The Lion Metaphor in Neo-Assyrian Royal Seals. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 7(2), 377-388. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1671169
AMA Mandacı E, Yeşilçay C. The Lion Metaphor in Neo-Assyrian Royal Seals. OANNES. September 2025;7(2):377-388. doi:10.33469/oannes.1671169
Chicago Mandacı, Ebru, and Cebrail Yeşilçay. “The Lion Metaphor in Neo-Assyrian Royal Seals”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7, no. 2 (September 2025): 377-88. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1671169.
EndNote Mandacı E, Yeşilçay C (September 1, 2025) The Lion Metaphor in Neo-Assyrian Royal Seals. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7 2 377–388.
IEEE E. Mandacı and C. Yeşilçay, “The Lion Metaphor in Neo-Assyrian Royal Seals”, OANNES, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 377–388, 2025, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1671169.
ISNAD Mandacı, Ebru - Yeşilçay, Cebrail. “The Lion Metaphor in Neo-Assyrian Royal Seals”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7/2 (September2025), 377-388. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1671169.
JAMA Mandacı E, Yeşilçay C. The Lion Metaphor in Neo-Assyrian Royal Seals. OANNES. 2025;7:377–388.
MLA Mandacı, Ebru and Cebrail Yeşilçay. “The Lion Metaphor in Neo-Assyrian Royal Seals”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 7, no. 2, 2025, pp. 377-88, doi:10.33469/oannes.1671169.
Vancouver Mandacı E, Yeşilçay C. The Lion Metaphor in Neo-Assyrian Royal Seals. OANNES. 2025;7(2):377-88.

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