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The God El and His Attributes in Ugarit

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 389 - 400, 25.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1707728

Abstract

Ugarit is one of the most important ancient civilisations discovered for the history and geography of Northern Syria. While the fact that the royal centre Ras Šamra was an important port city on the Mediterranean coast increased the geopolitical importance of Ugarit, its neighbourhood with great states such as Egypt in the south and Hittites in the north contributed to its cultural nourishment. Ugarit, which is located at a strategic point between the north, south, east and west civilisations in the Mediterranean port, was influenced and affected by its neighbours in many respects due to this location, and the cuneiform tablets show that the most prominent influence was economic and religious. The details of this religious structure in Ugarit, which had a polytheistic structure like its neighbours, are illuminated by the discovery of a large number of religious texts in cuneiform tablets unearthed during archaeological excavations in the region. These texts primarily provide detailed information about the pantheon of the Ugaritic gods, as well as information on different subjects such as the names of the Ugaritic gods, the attributes of the gods, the responsibilities attributed to them, their areas of duty, and the god family. In this study, El, one of the chief gods of the Ugarit pantheon, his figures unearthed in archaeological excavations, his place in the pantheon, his names and attributes mentioned in cuneiform tablets will be discussed. The name El, which influenced the later civilisations in the Canaanite region, will first be examined etymologically and then the adjectives used for him will be discussed in the light of cuneiform texts within the framework of ancient history methodology.

References

  • Ateş, A. (2018). Eski Yakındoğu Arşivleri. [Master dissertation, Pamukkale University]
  • Beckman, G. (1992). Hittite Administration in Syria in the Light of the Texts from Hattuša, Ugarit, and Emar. Undena.
  • Bordreuil, P., & Pardee, D. (2009). A Manual of Ugaritic (C. 3). Penn State University Press.
  • Cornelius, I. & Niehr, H. (2004). Götter und Kulte in Ugarit: Kultur und Religion einer nordsyrischen Königsstadt in der Spätbronzezeit.
  • Cross, F. M. (1997). Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel. Harvard University Press.
  • Day, J. (1986). Asherah in the Hebrew Bible and Northwest Semitic Literature. Journal of Biblical Literature, 105(3), 385.
  • Day, J. (2002). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. A&C Black.
  • Del Olmo Lete, G. (1999). The Offering Lists and the God Lists. İçinde Handbook of Ugaritic Studies (ss. 305-352). Pallas.
  • Eliade, M., & Berktay, A. (2016). Dinsel İnançlar ve Düşünceler Tarihi (C. 1). Kabalcı.
  • Fisher, L. R. (1965). Creation at Ugarit and in the Old Testament. Vetus Testamentum, 15(3), 313-324.
  • Fleming, D. E. (1999). If El is a Bull, Who is a Calf? Reflections on Religion in Second-Millennium Syria-Palestine. Arcaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies, Frank Moore Cross Volume(25), 23-27.
  • Gray, J. (1957). Legacy of Canaan: The Ras Shamra Texts and Their Relevance to the Old Testament. Brill.
  • Greenstein, E. L. (1984). Wisdom in Ugaritic. Language And Nature Papers Presented to John Huenhnergard on The Occasion of His 60th Birthday, Studies in Ancient Oriental Cviilization(67), 69-89.
  • Hanson, H. E. (1970). The Canaanite God El: His Role in Ugaritic Literature. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University.
  • Kahraman Çınar, A. (2024). Çivi Yazılı Metinler Işığında Ugarit Medeniyetinde Kurban ve Kurban Ritüelleri. Bozok Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(26), Article 26.
  • Kahraman Çınar, A. (2025). Ugarit’te Tanrıça Aşera ve İkonografileri, Karadeniz Araştırmaları Dergisi, XXII /86 668-683.
  • Karauğuz, G. (2018). Hitit Devletinin Siyasi Antlaşma Metinleri (2. bs). Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Kınal, F. (1963). Ugarit Kırallarının Tarihi. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(14), 1.
  • Klengel, H. (1965). Geschichte Syriens im 2. Jahrtausend v. U. Z. Berlin : Akademie-Verlag.
  • Kuhrt, A. (2024). Eski Çağ’da Yakındoğu (M.Ö. 3000-330). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Lokkegaard, F. (1953). A Plea for El, the Bull, and Other Ugaritic Miscellanies. Studia Orientalia Ioanni Pedersen Septuagenario.
  • Lurker, M. (2004). The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons. Routledge & CRC Press.
  • Marvin H. Pope. (1955). El in the ugaritic texts. Leiden E.J. Brill.
  • Miller, P. D. (1967). El the Warrior. The Harvard Theological Review, 60(4), 411-431.
  • Niehr, H. (1992). Einumstrittenes Detail der El-Stele aus Ugarit. Ugarit Forschungen- İnternationaes Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien- Palastinas, 24, 293-300.
  • Niehr, H. (2019). Ritual and Magie im Kirta-Epos. Ugarit Forschungen- İnternationaes Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien- Palastinas, 49, 273-294.
  • Olgun, H. (2014). Ugarit Metinleri Çerçevesinde Baal Tapıcılığı ve İsrailoğulları’na Etkisi. Milel-Nihal, 11(2).
  • Pardee, D. (2002). Ritual and Cult at Ugarit. Society of Biblical Literature.
  • Pardee, D. (2014). Ugaritic Sprache und Schrift. İçinde Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archaologie. De Gruyter.
  • Ramos, M. M. (2021). Ugarit. In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology.
  • Smith, M. S. (2001). The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts (New Ed edition). Oxford University Press.
  • Van Wijngaarden, G. J. (2002). Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy: (Ca. 1600-1200 BC). Amsterdam University Press.
  • Yon, M. (2006). The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra (1st edition). Eisenbrauns.

Ugarit’te Tanrı El ve Vasıfları

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 389 - 400, 25.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1707728

Abstract

Ugarit, Kuzey Suriye tarihi ve coğrafyası için keşfedilmiş önemli antik medeniyetlerden bir tanesidir. Kraliyet merkezi Ras Šamra’nın Akdeniz sahilinde önemli bir liman kenti olması Ugarit’in jeopolitik önemini artırırken, güneyde Mısır, kuzeyde Hitit gibi büyük devletlerle komşu olması onun kültürel olarak beslenmesine katkı sunmuştur. Akdeniz limanında kuzey, güney, doğu ve batı medeniyetleri arasında stratejik bir noktada bulunan, bu konumu nedeniyle birçok açıdan komşularından etkilenen ve onları etkileyen Ugarit, en belirgin şekilde hissedilen etkinin ekonomik ve dini açıdan olduğunu çivi yazılı tabletler göstermektedir. Komşuları gibi çok tanrılı bir yapıya sahip olan Ugarit’te bu dini yapının detayları bölgede yapılan arkeolojik kazılarda gün yüzüne çıkarılan çivi yazılı tabletler içerisinde, çok sayıda dini içerikli metin bulunması ile aydınlanmaktadır. Bu metinler öncelikle Ugarit tanrılar panteonu hakkında detaylı bilgiler vermekle birlikte, Ugarit tanrılarının isimleri, vasıfları, onlara yüklenen sorumluklar, görev alanları, tanrı ailesi gibi farklı konularda bilgiler içermektedir. Bu çalışmada Ugarit panteonunun baş tanrılarından biri olan El, arkeolojik kazılarda gün yüzüne çıkarılmış figürleri, panteondaki yeri, çivi yazılı tabletlerde geçen isimleri ve sıfatları üzerinde durulacaktır. Kenan bölgesinde kendinden sonraki medeniyetleri de etkileyen Tanrı El ismi, öncelikle etimolojik olarak irdelenecek ardından onun için kullanılan sıfatlar çivi yazılı metinler ışığında eskiçağ tarihi metodolojisi çerçevesinde ele alınacaktır.

References

  • Ateş, A. (2018). Eski Yakındoğu Arşivleri. [Master dissertation, Pamukkale University]
  • Beckman, G. (1992). Hittite Administration in Syria in the Light of the Texts from Hattuša, Ugarit, and Emar. Undena.
  • Bordreuil, P., & Pardee, D. (2009). A Manual of Ugaritic (C. 3). Penn State University Press.
  • Cornelius, I. & Niehr, H. (2004). Götter und Kulte in Ugarit: Kultur und Religion einer nordsyrischen Königsstadt in der Spätbronzezeit.
  • Cross, F. M. (1997). Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel. Harvard University Press.
  • Day, J. (1986). Asherah in the Hebrew Bible and Northwest Semitic Literature. Journal of Biblical Literature, 105(3), 385.
  • Day, J. (2002). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. A&C Black.
  • Del Olmo Lete, G. (1999). The Offering Lists and the God Lists. İçinde Handbook of Ugaritic Studies (ss. 305-352). Pallas.
  • Eliade, M., & Berktay, A. (2016). Dinsel İnançlar ve Düşünceler Tarihi (C. 1). Kabalcı.
  • Fisher, L. R. (1965). Creation at Ugarit and in the Old Testament. Vetus Testamentum, 15(3), 313-324.
  • Fleming, D. E. (1999). If El is a Bull, Who is a Calf? Reflections on Religion in Second-Millennium Syria-Palestine. Arcaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies, Frank Moore Cross Volume(25), 23-27.
  • Gray, J. (1957). Legacy of Canaan: The Ras Shamra Texts and Their Relevance to the Old Testament. Brill.
  • Greenstein, E. L. (1984). Wisdom in Ugaritic. Language And Nature Papers Presented to John Huenhnergard on The Occasion of His 60th Birthday, Studies in Ancient Oriental Cviilization(67), 69-89.
  • Hanson, H. E. (1970). The Canaanite God El: His Role in Ugaritic Literature. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University.
  • Kahraman Çınar, A. (2024). Çivi Yazılı Metinler Işığında Ugarit Medeniyetinde Kurban ve Kurban Ritüelleri. Bozok Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(26), Article 26.
  • Kahraman Çınar, A. (2025). Ugarit’te Tanrıça Aşera ve İkonografileri, Karadeniz Araştırmaları Dergisi, XXII /86 668-683.
  • Karauğuz, G. (2018). Hitit Devletinin Siyasi Antlaşma Metinleri (2. bs). Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Kınal, F. (1963). Ugarit Kırallarının Tarihi. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(14), 1.
  • Klengel, H. (1965). Geschichte Syriens im 2. Jahrtausend v. U. Z. Berlin : Akademie-Verlag.
  • Kuhrt, A. (2024). Eski Çağ’da Yakındoğu (M.Ö. 3000-330). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Lokkegaard, F. (1953). A Plea for El, the Bull, and Other Ugaritic Miscellanies. Studia Orientalia Ioanni Pedersen Septuagenario.
  • Lurker, M. (2004). The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons. Routledge & CRC Press.
  • Marvin H. Pope. (1955). El in the ugaritic texts. Leiden E.J. Brill.
  • Miller, P. D. (1967). El the Warrior. The Harvard Theological Review, 60(4), 411-431.
  • Niehr, H. (1992). Einumstrittenes Detail der El-Stele aus Ugarit. Ugarit Forschungen- İnternationaes Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien- Palastinas, 24, 293-300.
  • Niehr, H. (2019). Ritual and Magie im Kirta-Epos. Ugarit Forschungen- İnternationaes Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien- Palastinas, 49, 273-294.
  • Olgun, H. (2014). Ugarit Metinleri Çerçevesinde Baal Tapıcılığı ve İsrailoğulları’na Etkisi. Milel-Nihal, 11(2).
  • Pardee, D. (2002). Ritual and Cult at Ugarit. Society of Biblical Literature.
  • Pardee, D. (2014). Ugaritic Sprache und Schrift. İçinde Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archaologie. De Gruyter.
  • Ramos, M. M. (2021). Ugarit. In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology.
  • Smith, M. S. (2001). The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts (New Ed edition). Oxford University Press.
  • Van Wijngaarden, G. J. (2002). Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy: (Ca. 1600-1200 BC). Amsterdam University Press.
  • Yon, M. (2006). The City of Ugarit at Tell Ras Shamra (1st edition). Eisenbrauns.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeology of Europe, The Mediterranean and The Levant
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Aslı Kahraman Çinar 0000-0003-0969-7222

Early Pub Date September 17, 2025
Publication Date September 25, 2025
Submission Date May 27, 2025
Acceptance Date September 17, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kahraman Çinar, A. (2025). The God El and His Attributes in Ugarit. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 7(2), 389-400. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1707728
AMA Kahraman Çinar A. The God El and His Attributes in Ugarit. OANNES. September 2025;7(2):389-400. doi:10.33469/oannes.1707728
Chicago Kahraman Çinar, Aslı. “The God El and His Attributes in Ugarit”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7, no. 2 (September 2025): 389-400. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1707728.
EndNote Kahraman Çinar A (September 1, 2025) The God El and His Attributes in Ugarit. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7 2 389–400.
IEEE A. Kahraman Çinar, “The God El and His Attributes in Ugarit”, OANNES, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 389–400, 2025, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1707728.
ISNAD Kahraman Çinar, Aslı. “The God El and His Attributes in Ugarit”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7/2 (September2025), 389-400. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1707728.
JAMA Kahraman Çinar A. The God El and His Attributes in Ugarit. OANNES. 2025;7:389–400.
MLA Kahraman Çinar, Aslı. “The God El and His Attributes in Ugarit”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 7, no. 2, 2025, pp. 389-00, doi:10.33469/oannes.1707728.
Vancouver Kahraman Çinar A. The God El and His Attributes in Ugarit. OANNES. 2025;7(2):389-400.

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