OHS ACADEMY 2630-578X Rüştü UÇAN 10.38213/ohsacademy.1319045 Occupational Health and Safety İşçi Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği PSİKOSOSYAL RİSK DEĞERLENDİRME ÖLÇEĞİ: NHUMAN PSR-Q ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME, GÜVENİRLİK VE GEÇERLİK ÇALIŞMASI PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE: NHUMAN PSR-Q DEVELOPMENT, RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY STUDY https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0685-1677 Küçük Nevin NHUMAN DANIŞMANLIK 01 05 2024 6 3 131 164 06 23 2023 12 25 2023 Copyright © 2017, OHS ACADEMY 2017 OHS ACADEMY

Psikososyal risklerin değerlendirilmesi ve yönetimi, iş sağlığı ve güvenliğinin kritik bir bileşenidir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki iş yerlerinde psikososyal risk yönetimi için nicel sonuçlar sağlayabilen ve iş sağlığı ve güvenliği risk değerlendirmelerini tamamlayıcı bir psikososyal risk değerlendirme aracı olan NHUMAN PSR-Q (Psikososyal Risk Ölçeği) ölçeğini; uluslararası standartları, Türkiye normlarını ve kültürünü gözeterek geliştirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü ve Uluslararası Standartlar Teşkilatı iş yerindeki psikososyal riskleri anlamak ve sınıflandırmak için yararlı çerçeveler sağlamaktadır. İşteki psikososyal risklerin değerlendirilmesi için bu sınıflandırmalar gözetilerek belirlenen, işin içeriği ve organizasyonu; işteki sosyal faktörler, çalışma ortamı, donanım ve tehlikeli görevler başlıklarının alt boyutları için yazılan maddelere, uzman gözden geçirmeleri, pilot test, madde korelasyon analizi, Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi yapılarak NHUMAN PSR-Q ölçeğinin güvenirlik ve geçerliği test edilmiştir. Bütün faktörlerin güvenirlik katsayısı .70’in üzerinde hesaplanmıştır. DFA uyum indeksleri incelendiğinde CMIN/DF 2,738, NFI 0,960, NNFI 0,970, CFI 0,980, GFI 0,910 ve RMSEA 0,064 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, mutlak uyum indekslerinin kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğunu göstermektedir. Yapılan güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışmaları sonucunda NHUMAN PSR-Q ölçeği 17 alt boyut ve 84 maddeden oluşan bir yapı kazanmıştır. Ölçeğin puanlama sistemi; her bir alt boyut için yüksek düzey risk alanı, orta/üst düzey risk alanı, orta düzey risk alanı, düşük risk alanı ve güçlü alandan oluşan risk gruplarının oluşturulması ile; grupların risk dağılımına göre önleme ve müdahale çalışmalarının yapılabilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır.

The assessment and management of psychosocial risks is a critical component of occupational health and safety. This study examines the NHUMAN PSR-Q (Psychosocial Risk Questionnaire) which is a psychosocial risk assessment tool that can provide quantitative results for psychosocial risk management for workplaces in Turkey and complements occupational health and safety risk assessments; aimed to develop it by observing international standards and Turkey norms and culture. The International Labor Organization (ILO) and the International Standards Organization (ISO) provide useful frameworks for understanding and classifying psychosocial risks in the workplace. Considering these classifications for the assessment of psychosocial risks at work; content and organization of work; social factors at work; working environment & equipment and dangerous tasks titles were determined and items were written for their sub-dimensions. The reliability and validity of the NHUMAN PSR-Q were tested by performing expert reviews, pilot testing, item correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. 799 people working in Turkey and over the age of 18 participated in the sample of the study. The reliability coefficient for all factors exceeded 0.70. When analysing the CFA fit indices, CMIN/DF was found to be 2.738, NFI was found to be 0.960, NNFI was found to be 0.970, CFI was found to be 0.980, GFI was found to be 0.910 and RMSEA was found to be 0.064. These results show that the absolute fit indices are at an acceptable level. As a result of the reliability and validity studies, the NHUMAN PSR-Q was put into use as a questionnaire consisting of 17 sub-dimensions and 84 items. TThe scoring system of the questionnaire; by creating risk groups consisting of high risk, medium/high risk, medium risk, low risk, and strong area for each sub-dimension, enables risk prevention and intervention studies to be carried out according to the risk distribution of the groups.

 iş sağlığı ve güvenliği psikososyal riskler psikolojik sağlık ve güvenlik ölçek ISO 45003 psychosocial risks psychological health and safety questionnaire ISO 45003 Occupational health and safety Agervold, M., & Mikkelsen, E. G. (2004). Relationships between bullying, psychosocial work environment and individual stress reactions. Work & Stress, 18(4), 336-351. Akel, S., & Düger, T. (2007). Psychosocial risk factors of musicians in Turkey: Use of the Job Content Questionnaire. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 22(4), 147-152. Amick III, B. C., Robertson, M. M., DeRango, K., Bazzani, L., Moore, A., Rooney, T., ve Harrist, R. (2003). Effect of office ergonomics intervention on reducing musculoskeletal symptoms. Spine, 28(24), 2706-2711. Aykut, G., Efe, E. M., Bayraktar, S., Şentürk, S., Başeğmez, İ., Özkumit, Ö., ... & Bilgin, H. (2016). Mobbing exposure of anaesthesiology residents in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, 44(4), 177. Aytac, S. (2015). The sources of stress, the symptoms of stress and anger styles as a psychosocial risk at occupational health and safety: a case study on Turkish police officers. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 6421-6428. Baharlı, G., Bülbül, A., & Saraçoğlu, G.V. (2015). Tekirdağ’da öğrenci ve çalışan hemşirelerin mesleki riskle karşılaşma ve bilgi düzeyi araştırması. Bayram, N. (2004). Sosyal Bilimlerde SPSS ile Veri Analizi. Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi. Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10. 3389/fpubh.2018.00149 Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Burr, H., Berthelsen, H., Moncada, S., Nübling, M., Dupret, E., Demiral, Y., ... & Pohrt, A. (2019). The third version of the Copenhagen psychosocial questionnaire. Safety and health at work, 10(4), 482-503. Busso, M.M., & Neffa, J.C. (2017). The Language of Psychosocial Risks at Work in Argentina. The Case of a Multinational Company. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve uygulamada eğitim yönetimi, 32(32), 470-483. Büyüköztürk Ş. (2007). Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Yayınevi. Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. psychology press. Chadha, N. K. (2009). Applied Psychometry. New Delhi, IN: Sage Publications. Chamberlain, V. M., & Cummings, M. N. (1984). Development of an instructor/course evaluation instrument. College Student Journal, 18(3), 246-250. Conrad, K. J., Wright, B. D., McKnight, P., McFall, M., Fontana A., & Rosenheck, R. (2004). Comparing traditional and Rasch analyses of the Mississippi PTSD scale: Revealing limitations of reverse-scored items. Journal of Applied Measurement, 5(1), 15-30. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/2832927/Comparing_traditional_and_Rasch_analyses_of_the_Mississippi_PTSD_scale_Revealing_limitations_of_reverse-scored_items Cox, T., Griffiths, A., & Rial-Gonzalez, E. (2000). Work-related stress. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Cunningham, T. R., Guerin, R. J., Ferguson, J., & Cavallari, J. (2022). Work‐related fatigue: A hazard for workers experiencing disproportionate occupational risks. American journal of industrial medicine, 65(11), 913-925. Çilingirtürk, A. M., Muzaffer, U. Y. A. R., Aktaş, A., Arıcı, F., & Yalçınay, M. (2014). Kurumsal Amaçlı Psikososyal Risk Yönetimi Ölçeği. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 36(1), 1-13. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2). Ankara: Pegem Akademi. Dahler-Larsen, P., Sundby, A., & Boodhoo, A. (2020). Can occupational health and safety management systems address psychosocial risk factors? An empirical study. Safety Science, 130, 104878. DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Newbury Park: Sage. Dollard, M., Skinner, N., Tuckey, M. R., & Bailey, T. (2007). National surveillance of psychosocial risk factors in the workplace: An international overview. Work & Stress, 21(1), 1-29. Dorans, N. J. (2018). Scores, Scales, and Score Linking. In P. Irwing, T. Booth, & D. J. Hughes (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook of Psychometric Testing: A Multidisciplinary Reference on Survey, Scale and Test Development, V.II (pp. 573-606). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118489772.ch19 Dorta-Afonso, D., González-de-la-Rosa, M., García-Rodríguez, F. J., & Romero-Domínguez, L. (2021). Effects of high-performance work systems (HPWS) on hospitality employees’ outcomes through their organizational commitment, motivation, and job satisfaction. Sustainability, 13(6), 3226. Dyrbye, L., & Shanafelt, T. (2016). A narrative review on burnout experienced by medical students and residents. Medical education, 50(1), 132-149. Eurofound (2021). Working conditions and sustainable work: An analysis using the job quality framework, Challenges and prospects in the EU series. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Web: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_ document/ef20021en.pdf Ertel, M., Stilijanow, U., Iavicoli, S., Natali, E., Jain, A., & Leka, S. (2010). European social dialogue on psychosocial risks at work: Benefits and challenges. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 16, 169 - 183. Eurofound and EU-OSHA (2014), Psychosocial risks in Europe: Prevalence and strategies for prevention, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Evci, N., & Aylar, F. (2017). Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında doğrulayıcı faktör analizinin kullanımı. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(10), 389-412. Ferraro, T., Pais, L., & Dos Santos, N. R. (2015). Decent work: An aim for all made by all. International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(3), 30-42. Field, M., & Golubitsky, M. (2009). Symmetry in chaos: a search for pattern in mathematics, art, and nature. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. Floyd, F. J. and Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments.. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 286-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286 Gorsuch, R. L. (1990). Common factor analysis versus component analysis: Some well and little known facts. Multivariate behavioral research, 25(1), 33-39. Gunawan, J., Marzilli, C., & Aungsuroch, Y. (2021). Establishing appropriate sample size for developing and validating a questionnaire in nursing research. Belitung Nursing Journal, 7(5), 356-360. Gündoğmuş, İ., Ünsal, C., Filiz, M., Bolu, A., Öksüz, E., Ayaz, T., ... & Savaşçı, Ü. (2022). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, Psychosomatic Symptoms, and Sleep Quality in Health Care Workers in Turkey During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Data From a Large Tertiary Care Hospital. Psychiatric Annals, 52(10), 427-441. Hassard, J., Teoh, K., Cox, T., Cosmar, M., Gründler, R., Flemming, D., ... & Van den Broek, K. (2014). Calculating the cost of work-related stress and psychosocial risks. Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 191-205. doi:10.1177/1094428104263675 HSE. (2004). İşle İlgili Stres Konusunda İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Müdürlüğü’nün (HSE) Anketi. HSE. Retrieved from https://www.hse.gov.uk/stress/standards/languages/indicatortool/turkish.pdf International Labour Organization (2020). İş Yerinde Stres: Ortak Bir Zorluk. (N Human Danışmanlık, Çev.) İzmir: N Human Danışmanlık Yayınları (Orijinal Basım Tarihi 2016) ISSN: 9786050646801 ISO (2021). ISO 45003:2021. Retrieved December 23, 2022, from https://www.iso.org/standard/64283.html Jacobson, N., Trojanowski, L., & Dewa, C. S. (2012). What do peer support workers do? A job description. BMC health services research, 12(1), 1-11. Jain, A., Hassard, J., Leka, S., Di Tecco, C., & Iavicoli, S. (2021). The role of occupational health services in psychosocial risk management and the promotion of mental health and well-being at work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3632. Jackson, D. L., Gillaspy, J. A., & Purc-Stephenson, R. J. (2009). Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: an overview and some recommendations.. Psychological Methods, 14(1), 6-23. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014694 Kackin, O., Ciydem, E., Aci, O. S., & Kutlu, F. Y. (2021). Experiences and psychosocial problems of nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Turkey: A qualitative study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(2), 158-167. Karagöz, Y., & Kösterelioğlu, İ. (2008). İletişim becerileri değerlendirme ölçeğinin faktör analizi metodu ile geliştirilmesi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (21). Kortum, E. (2011). Perceptions of Psychosocial Hazards, Work‐related Stress and Workplace Priority Risks in Developing Countries. Journal of occupational health, 53(2), 144-155. Kristensen, T. S., Hannerz, H., Høgh, A., & Borg, V. (2005). The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire-a tool for the assessment and improvement of the psychosocial work environment. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 438-449. Küçük, N., Dağlar İ., Tokalılar, T., Candemir, T., ve Keskin, K. (2021). Psikososyal Riskler Raporu Mevcut Durum Analizi ve Öneriler. Küçük, N. ve Tınaz, P. (2022). Gig Ekonomide Psikososyal Riskler “Nitel Bir Analiz”. Beykoz Akademi Dergisi, 10 (1) , 103-126 . DOI: 10.14514/BYK.m.26515393.2022.10/1.103-126. Lippel, K., Vézina, M., ve Cox, R. (2011). Protection of workers’ mental health in Québec: Do general duty clauses allow labour inspectors to do their job?. Safety Science, 49(4), 582-590. Locker, D., Jokovic, A., & Allison, P. (2013). Direction of wording and responses to items in oral health-related quality of life questionnaires for children and their parents. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 35(4), 255-262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00320.x MEB, G. İ. M. E. M. (2017). İSG Risk Değerlendirme Formları. İSG Risk Değerlendirme Formları. Retrieved from December 23, 2022, https://golkoy.meb.gov.tr/www/isg-risk-degerlendirme-formlari/dosya/232 Metzler, Y. A., von Groeling-Müller, G., ve Bellingrath, S. (2019). Better safe than sorry: Methods for risk assessment of psychosocial hazards. Safety Science, 114, 122-139. Nunes, I. L. (2013). Occupational safety and health risk assessment methodologies. OSH Wiki networking knowledge, EU-OSHA—European Agency for Safety and Health at Work(http://oshwiki. eu/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health_risk_assessment_ methodologies). Özkılıç, Ö. (2005). İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği, Yönetim Sistemleri ve Risk Değerlendirme Metodolojileri. TİSK Yayınları, Ankara. Öz Aktepe, S. (2022). “İş yeri nezaketsizliği: Bir toksik etkileşim, bir psikososyal tehlike”. İçinde T. Moç (Editör), Örgütlerde Toksik Davranışlar, İstanbul: Kriter Yayınevi, s. 243-272. Özmusul B, Ulutaşdemir N, H Balsak. Özel bir hastanede görev yapan hekim dışı sağlık çalışanların iş sağlığı ve güvenliği kapsamında karşılaştıkları risk ve tehlikelerin iş stresi düzeylerine etkisi 2015. 18. Ulusal Halk Sağlığı Kongresi, Özet Kitabı 2015. Palomo-Vélez, G., Carrasco, J., Bastías, Á., Méndez, M. D., & Jiménez, A. (2015). Factores de riesgo psicosocial y satisfacción laboral en trabajadoras estacionales de Chile [Psychosocial risk factors and work satisfaction in female seasonal workers in Chile]. Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health, 37(4-5), 301–307. Pandis, N., Pandis, B. D., Pandis, V., ve Eliades, T. (2007). Occupational hazards in orthodontics: A review of risks and associated pathology. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 132(3), 280-292. Parker, C., Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball sampling. SAGE research methods foundations. Pejtersen, J. H., Kristensen, T. S., Borg, V., ve Bjorner, J. B. (2010). The second version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire. Scandinavian journal of public health, 38(3_suppl), 8-24. Resmî Gazete (2012). İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Risk Değerlendirmesi Yönetmeliği. 29 Aralık 2012, 28512. Remus, F., Angela, D., & Petru, L. (2015). Psychosocial Risks Generated By Assets Specific Design Software. ACTA Universitatis Cibiniensis, 66, 51 - 54. Salcan, S., & Sarıkaya, B. (2020). The prevalence of anxiety, insomnia and depression among pharmacy employees in the COVID-19 pandemic. Turk J Public Health, 18, 58-65. Samuels, P. (2016). Advice on Exploratory Factor Analysis. Birmingham City University-Working Paper. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.5013.9766 Scott, K. L., Zagenczyk, T. J., Schippers, M., Purvis, R. L., ve Cruz, K. S. (2014). Co‐worker exclusion and employee outcomes: An investigation of the moderating roles of perceived organizational and social support. Journal of Management Studies, 51(8), 1235-1256. Seçer, İ. (2015). Psikolojik Test Geliştirme ve Uyarlama Süreci. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık Sias, P. M. (2008). Organizing relationships: Traditional and emerging perspectives on workplace relationships. Springer, P. J., Clark, C. M., Strohfus, P., ve Belcheir, M. (2012). Using transformational change to improve organizational culture and climate in a school of nursing. Journal of Nursing Education, 51(2), 81-88. Stellman, J. M. (Ed.). (1998). Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety (Vol. 1). International Labour Organization. Şahan, C., ve Demiral, Y. (2020). Kopenhag Psikososyal Risk Değerlendirmesi Rehberi Şahan, C., Baydur, H., ve Demiral, Y. (2019). A novel version of Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire-3: Turkish validation study. Archives of Environmental & occupational health, 74(6), 297-309. Şeker, H., & Gençdoğan, B. (2014). Psikolojide ve eğitimde ölçme aracı geliştirme (2. Basım). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş: Temel İlkeler ve LISREL Uygulamaları. Ankara: Ekinoks Yayınevi. Tabanelli, M. C., Depolo, M., Cooke, R. M., Sarchielli, G., Bonfiglioli, R., Mattioli, S., ve Violante, F. S. (2008). Available instruments for measurement of psychosocial factors in the work environment. International archives of occupational and environmental health, 82, 1-12. T.C. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı. (2016). Psikososyal Risk Faktörleri Bilgilendirme Rehberi. https://www.csgb.gov.tr/medias/4595/rehber22.pdf. Trochim, W. M. (2006). The Research Methods Knowledge Base (2nd ed.). http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council on Measurement in Education (AERA/APA/NCME) (1999). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (2nd ed.). Washington DC: Authors. Tsai, Y. (2011). Relationship between organizational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction. BMC health services research, 11(1), 1-9. TSE. (2022). TS ISO 45003:2021. Warren, M. A., Donaldson, S. I., Lee, J. Y., ve Donaldson, S. I. (2019). Reinvigorating research on gender in the workplace using a positive work and organizations perspective. International Journal of Management Reviews, 21(4), 498-518.