A comprehensive review on Chandler’s syndrome: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and future perspectives

Gorle Urmıla; Vinodkumar Mugada; Aishwarya Lakshmi Rajana; Leela Kumari Kilaparthi; Srinivasa Rao Yarguntla

A comprehensive review on Chandler’s syndrome: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and future perspectives

Abstract

Chandler's Syndrome, a rare variant of iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome, is characterized by corneal endothelial abnormalities, iris atrophy, and secondary glaucoma. This review highlights this progressive condition's clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Chandler's Syndrome primarily affects middle-aged Caucasian women and presents with unilateral corneal edema, visual disturbances, and subtle iris changes. Endothelial cell proliferation and migration lead to peripheral anterior synechiae (PAS), elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), and corneal decompensation. While the exact etiology remains unclear, viral infections such as herpes simplex (HSV) and Epstein-Barr (EBV) are hypothesized contributors. Morphological changes, including metaplasia of endothelial cells and ectopic membrane formation, further compromise aqueous outflow and corneal integrity. Diagnosis relies on slit-lamp examination, specular and confocal microscopy, and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) to detect endothelial abnormalities and anterior segment changes. Differential diagnosis with conditions like posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD) and Fuchs' dystrophy is critical for accurate assessment. Management includes medical therapy to control IOP and surgical interventions like trabeculectomy, glaucoma drainage implants, and corneal procedures such as Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) or penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Long-term follow-up is essential to monitor disease progression and preserve visual function. Future research into the viral pathogenesis and mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction is vital to advance targeted therapies.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

There is no need of ethics committee approval as it is a review article

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Ophthalmology

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Gorle Urmıla
0000-0002-8852-5279
India

Vinodkumar Mugada ^*
0000-0002-9364-9874
India

Aishwarya Lakshmi Rajana
0009-0003-5931-2615
India

Leela Kumari Kilaparthi
0009-0007-2332-2351
India

Srinivasa Rao Yarguntla
0000-0002-8803-9668
India

Publication Date

June 30, 2025

Submission Date

December 17, 2024

Acceptance Date

June 27, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 42 Number: 2

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA58AM33YM

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Urmıla, G., Mugada, V., Rajana, A. L., Kilaparthi, L. K., & Yarguntla, S. R. (2025). A comprehensive review on Chandler’s syndrome: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and future perspectives. Deneysel Ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi, 42(2), 212-218. https://izlik.org/JA58AM33YM

AMA

1.Urmıla G, Mugada V, Rajana AL, Kilaparthi LK, Yarguntla SR. A comprehensive review on Chandler’s syndrome: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and future perspectives. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2025;42(2):212-218. https://izlik.org/JA58AM33YM

Chicago

Urmıla, Gorle, Vinodkumar Mugada, Aishwarya Lakshmi Rajana, Leela Kumari Kilaparthi, and Srinivasa Rao Yarguntla. 2025. “A Comprehensive Review on Chandler’s Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Future Perspectives”. Deneysel Ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi 42 (2): 212-18. https://izlik.org/JA58AM33YM.

EndNote

Urmıla G, Mugada V, Rajana AL, Kilaparthi LK, Yarguntla SR (June 1, 2025) A comprehensive review on Chandler’s syndrome: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and future perspectives. Deneysel ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi 42 2 212–218.

IEEE

[1]G. Urmıla, V. Mugada, A. L. Rajana, L. K. Kilaparthi, and S. R. Yarguntla, “A comprehensive review on Chandler’s syndrome: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and future perspectives”, J. Exp. Clin. Med., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 212–218, June 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA58AM33YM

ISNAD

Urmıla, Gorle - Mugada, Vinodkumar - Rajana, Aishwarya Lakshmi - Kilaparthi, Leela Kumari - Yarguntla, Srinivasa Rao. “A Comprehensive Review on Chandler’s Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Future Perspectives”. Deneysel ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi 42/2 (June 1, 2025): 212-218. https://izlik.org/JA58AM33YM.

JAMA

1.Urmıla G, Mugada V, Rajana AL, Kilaparthi LK, Yarguntla SR. A comprehensive review on Chandler’s syndrome: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and future perspectives. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2025;42:212–218.

MLA

Urmıla, Gorle, et al. “A Comprehensive Review on Chandler’s Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Future Perspectives”. Deneysel Ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi, vol. 42, no. 2, June 2025, pp. 212-8, https://izlik.org/JA58AM33YM.

Vancouver

1.Gorle Urmıla, Vinodkumar Mugada, Aishwarya Lakshmi Rajana, Leela Kumari Kilaparthi, Srinivasa Rao Yarguntla. A comprehensive review on Chandler’s syndrome: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and future perspectives. J. Exp. Clin. Med. [Internet]. 2025 Jun. 1;42(2):212-8. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA58AM33YM