Assessment of possible protective effects of syringic acid on ischemic reperfusion injury in an acute ischemic priapism model

Year 2026, Volume: 43 Issue: 1 , 21 - 25 , 01.04.2026

Ali Büyük , İlke Onur Kazaz , Selim Demir , Gökçen Kerimoğlu

https://izlik.org/JA23LL42NC

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective effects of syringic acid on ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model of experimentally induced acute ischemic priapism. In this experimental study, 18 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The animals were divided into three groups of six rats each: control, priapism + reperfusion, and priapism + reperfusion + syringic acid. Tissue samples obtained through penectomy were analyzed for changes in the levels of TOS, TAS, OSI, GSH, MPO, GRP78, ATF6, CHOP, MDA, SOD, GPx, IL-6, TNF-alpha, caspase-3, and CAT. Additionally, histological features such as cavernosal sinus congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tunica albuginea separation in penile tissues were evaluated. Our study demonstrated that syringic acid significantly attenuated biochemical deterioration in tissue MDA, TAS, and OSI levels. However, histological evaluations did not show statistically significant improvements. It was concluded that syringic acid may be effective in preventing reperfusion injury associated with priapism.

Keywords

Priapism , Syringic acid , Reperfusion injury

Ethical Statement

This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Karadeniz Technical University (Approval Date: 14/06/2022; Protocol No: 2022/21).

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by the Karadeniz Technical University Scientific Research Projects Unit (TTU-2023-10528).

References

• Broderick GA, Kadioglu A, Bivalacqua TJ, Ghanem H, Nehra A, Shamloul R. Priapism: Pathogenesis, epidemiology, and management. Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2010;7(1 PART 2):476–500.
• Bivalacqua TJ, Burnett AL, Buchanan J, Urological B. Priapism: New Concepts in the Pathophysiology and New Treatment Strategies. Curr Urol Rep. 2006;7:497–502.
• Melman A, Serels S. Priapism. Int J Impot Res [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2023 Mar 19];12 Suppl 4:S133–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11035401/
• Munarriz R, Park K, Huang YH, Saenz De Tejada I, Moreland RB, Goldstein I, et al. Reperfusion of ischemic corporal tissue: physiologic and biochemical changes in an animal model of ischemic priapism. Urology. 2003 Oct 1;62(4):760–4.
• Scopus preview - Scopus - Document details - Antidiabetic principles, phospholipids and fixed oil of kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn.) [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 19]. Available from: https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0- 84994832512&origin=inward&txGid=fb72704a896149ca1fae9ad5ae14856d
• Uchiyama M, Mihara M. Determination of malonaldehyde precursor in tissues by thiobarbituric acid test. Anal Biochem. 1978;86(1):271–8.
• Kazaz IO, Demir S, Kerimoglu G, Colak F, Alemdar NT, Akman AU, et al. Effect of Chrysin on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in a Rat Model of Testicular Torsion. Journal of Investigative Surgery. 2022;35(5):1106–11.
• Karagüzel E, Bayraktar C, Kutlu O, Yulug E, Mentese A, Okatan AE, et al. The possible protective effects of dipyridamole on ischemic reperfusion injury of priapism. International Braz J Urol. 2016 Jan 1;42(1):146–53.
• Sanchez E, Pastuszak AW, Khera M. Erectile dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risks: facts and controversies. Transl Androl Urol [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Apr 10];6(1):28–36. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28217448/
• Ericson C, Baird B, Broderick GA. Management of Priapism: 2021 Update. Urol Clin North Am [Internet]. 2021 Nov 1 [cited 2023 Apr 11];48(4):565–76. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34602176/
• Capece M, Gillo A, Cocci A, Garaffa G, Timpano M, Falcone M. Management of refractory ischemic priapism: current perspectives. Res Rep Urol [Internet]. 2017 Aug 29 [cited 2023 Apr 11];9:175. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC5587151/
• Chouchani ET, Pell VR, James AM, Work LM, Saeb-Parsy K, Frezza C, et al. A Unifying Mechanism for Mitochondrial Superoxide Production during Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cell Metab [Internet]. 2016 Feb 9 [cited 2023 Apr 14];23(2):254–63. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26777689/
• Szeto HH, Birk A V. Serendipity and the discovery of novel compounds that restore mitochondrial plasticity. Clin Pharmacol Ther [Internet]. 2014 Dec 1 [cited 2023 Apr 14];96(6):672–83. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25188726/
• Halliwell B, Chirico S, Crawford MA, Bjerve KS, Gey KF. Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement, and significance. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 1993 May 1 [cited 2023 Mar 19];57(5):715S-725S. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/57/5/715S/4715946
• Esterbauer H, Schaur RJ, Zollner H. Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Radic Biol Med [Internet]. 1991 [cited 2023 Mar 19];11(1):81–128. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1937131/
• Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MTD, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007 Jan 1;39(1):44–84.
• Srinivasulu C, Ramgopal M, Ramanjaneyulu G, Anuradha CM, Suresh Kumar C. Syringic acid (SA) ‒ A Review of Its
• Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Pharmacological and Industrial Importance. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2018 Dec 1;108:547–57.
• Demir EA, Demir S, Kazaz IO, Kucuk H, Alemdar NT, Gecici OF, et al. Syringic acid ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion- induced testicular injury in rats via suppressing of HMGB1/NF-κB axis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg [Internet]. 2023 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Nov 17];49(3):1595–602. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36692504/
• Liu G, Zhang B fang, Hu Q, Liu X pei, Chen J. Syringic acid mitigates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun [Internet]. 2020 Oct 15 [cited 2023 Nov 17];531(2):242–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32798018/
• Baltalarli A, Ozcan V, Ferda B, Aybek H, Sacar M, Onem G, et al. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and iloprost attenuate the lung injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion of the lower extremities of rats. Ann Vasc Surg [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2023 Nov 17];20(1):49–55. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16378148/
• Aslan R, Kutlu R, Civi S, Tasyurek E. The correlation of the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and paraoxonase activity (PON1) with smoking. Clin Biochem. 2014;47(6):393–7.
• Bahadir HM, Sarigoz T, Topuz Ö, Sevim Y, Ertan T, Sarıcı İŞ. Quercetin’in karaciğer iskemi reperfüzyon hasarı üzerine koruyucu etkisi. 19(1):0–0.