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İnme ve Omurilik Yaralanması Hastalarına Bakım Verenlerde Omuz Fonksiyonu ve Bakım Yükü: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma

Year 2026, Volume: 43 Issue: 1 , 31 - 36 , 01.04.2026
https://izlik.org/JA48SF67DA

Abstract

İnme ve omurilik yaralanması, uzun süreli özürlülük ve bağımlılığın başlıca nedenlerindendir. Hastaların kaldırılması ve transfer edilmesi gibi bakım verme görevleri fiziksel yük oluşturmakta, sıklıkla omuz ağrısı ve azalmış omuz fonksiyonuna yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışma, inme ve omurilik yaralanması hastalarına bakım veren kişilerde bakım yükü ile omuz fonksiyonu arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Dahil edilme kriterlerini karşılayan toplam 124 bakım veren çalışmaya alınmıştır. Veriler, bir fiziyatrist tarafından yapılan yüz yüze görüşmeler ve omuz muayeneleri ile toplanmıştır. Yapılandırılmış bir anket aracılığıyla sosyodemografik özellikler ve bakım verme ile ilişkili faktörler değerlendirilmiş; ardından Zarit Bakım Verme Yükü Ölçeği (ZBYÖ), Basit Omuz Testi (BOT) ve Görsel Analog Skala (GAS) uygulanmıştır. Hastaların bağımlılık düzeyi Fonksiyonel Bağımsızlık Ölçütü (FBÖ) ile değerlendirilmiş, omuz eklem hareket açıklığı (EHA) gonyometre ile ölçülmüştür. Katılımcıların medyan yaşı 56 yıl (aralık: 18–83) olup, %73,4’ü kadındı. Bakım verme süresinin medyanı 9 ay (aralık: 0,5–300) idi. Hastayı kaldırma ve transfer etme, en zorlayıcı bakım görevi olarak bildirildi (%41,9) ve bakım verenlerin %75,8’i omuz ağrısından şikayetçiydi. Kadın bakım verenlerin BOT skorları anlamlı olarak daha düşük, ZBYÖ ve GAS skorları ise erkeklere göre daha yüksekti (sırasıyla p<0,001; p=0,006; p=0,005). Benzer şekilde, omuz ağrısı olan bakım verenlerde ZBYÖ ve GAS skorları anlamlı derecede yüksekti (tüm karşılaştırmalar için p<0,001). Bakım verenlerin %75,8’inde EHA kısıtlılığı saptanmış olup, bu grubun %95,7’si omuz ağrısı bildirmiştir (p<0,001). Bakım yükü arttıkça omuz fonksiyonunun azaldığı görülmüştür. Yapılandırılmış eğitim programlarının, güvenli hasta transfer tekniklerinin ve terapötik egzersiz müdahalelerinin uygulanması, omuz yaralanmalarını önlemeye ve bakım yükünü azaltmaya yardımcı olabilir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma için Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan yerel etik kurul onayı alınmıştır (OMUKAEK 2024/14). Ayrıca Samsun İl Sağlık Müdürlüğü’nden kurumsal izin alınmıştır (E-26521195-604.01-240306200). Çalışma, Helsinki Bildirgesi ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür.

Supporting Institution

yok

Thanks

Yazarlar, bu çalışmaya katılan hastalara ve onların bakım verenlerine, ayrıca veri toplama sürecindeki destekleri için Samsun Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Hastanesi personeline teşekkür eder.

References

  • Lu Y, Shang Z, Zhang W, et al. Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2024;22:285.
  • Feigin VL, Roth GA, Naghavi M, et al. Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:913–924.
  • Widar M, Ahlström G. Disability after a stroke and the influence of long‐term pain on everyday life. Scand J Caring Sci. 2002;16:302–310.
  • Sezer N, Akkuş S, Uğurlu FG. Chronic complications of spinal cord injury. World J Orthop. 2015;6:24–33.
  • Saban KL, Sherwood PR, DeVon HA, et al. Measures of psychological stress and physical health in family caregivers of stroke survivors: a literature review. J Neurosci Nurs. 2010;42:128–138.
  • Middleton JW, Simpson GK, De Wolf A, et al. Psychological distress, quality of life, and burden in caregivers during community reintegration after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:1312–1319.
  • Liu Z, Heffernan C, Tan J. Caregiver burden: a concept analysis. Int J Nurs Sci. 2020;7:438–445. Schulz R, Sherwood PR. Physical and mental health effects of family caregiving. J Soc Work Educ. 2008;44:105–113.
  • Hinojosa MS, Rittman M. Association between health education needs and stroke caregiver injury. J Aging Health. 2009;21:1040–1058.
  • Zarit SH, Reever KE, Bach-Peterson J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist. 1980;20:649–655.
  • Özlü A, Yıldız M, Aker T. Zarit Bakıcı Yük Ölçeğinin Şizofreni hasta yakınlarında geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Arch Neuropsychiatry. 2009;46:38–44.
  • Ayhan Ç, Ünal E, Yakut Y. Basit Omuz Testi’nin Türkçe versiyonu: güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Fizyoter Rehabil. 2010;21:68–74.
  • Jensen MP, Chen C, Brugger AM. Interpretation of visual analog scale ratings and change scores: a reanalysis of two clinical trials of postoperative pain. J Pain. 2003;4:407–414.
  • Küçükdeveci AA, Yavuzer G, Elhan AH, et al. Adaptation of the Functional Independence Measure for use in Turkey. Clin Rehabil. 2001;15:311–319.
  • Kolber MJ, Hanney WJ. The reliability and concurrent validity of shoulder mobility measurements using a digital inclinometer and goniometer: a technical report. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012;7:306–313.
  • Kazemi A, Azimian J, Mafi M, et al. Caregiver burden and coping strategies in caregivers of older patients with stroke. BMC Psychol. 2021;9:45.
  • Friedemann ML, Buckwalter KC. Family caregiver role and burden related to gender and family relationships. J Fam Nurs. 2014;20:313–336.
  • Fertelli TK, Tuncay F. Relationship between care burden, social support and quality of life in caregivers of individuals with stroke. J Acad Res Nurs. 2019;5:107–115.
  • Harding R, Gao W, Jackson D, et al. Comparative analysis of informal caregiver burden in advanced cancer, dementia, and acquired brain injury. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2015;50:445–452.
  • Candan Ç, İnci FH. Kronik hastalığı olan bireylerin öz bakım yönetimi ile aile üyelerinin bakım yükü arasındaki ilişki. Hacettepe Univ Hemşirelik Fakültesi Derg. 2024;11:61–69.
  • Selçuk K, Avcı D. The care burden of caregivers caring for elderly with chronic diseases and affecting factors. Suleyman Demirel Univ Sag Bilim Derg. 2016;7:1–9.
  • Aşiret GD, Kapucu S. Care burden of the patient relatives who take care of the patients with stroke. Turk J Res Dev Nurs. 2012;14:1–6.
  • Bhattacharjee M, Vairale J, Gawali K, et al. Factors affecting burden on caregivers of stroke survivors: population-based study in Mumbai (India). Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2012;15:113–119.
  • Darragh AR, Sommerich CM, Lavender SA, et al. Musculoskeletal discomfort, physical demand, and caregiving activities in informal caregivers. J Appl Gerontol. 2015;34:734–760.

Shoulder function and care burden in caregivers of stroke and spinal cord injury patients: A cross-sectional study

Year 2026, Volume: 43 Issue: 1 , 31 - 36 , 01.04.2026
https://izlik.org/JA48SF67DA

Abstract

Stroke and spinal cord injury are major causes of long-term disability and dependence. Caregiving tasks, such as lifting and transferring patients, impose a physical burden, and often result in shoulder pain and reduced shoulder function. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between caregiver burden and shoulder function among caregivers of patients with stroke and spinal cord injury.A total of 124 caregivers who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and shoulder examinations performed by a physiatrist. Sociodemographic characteristics and caregiving-related factors were assessed using a structured questionnaire, followed by the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale (ZCBS), Simple Shoulder Test (SST), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Patient dependency was evaluated using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and shoulder range of motion (ROM) was measured with a goniometer. The median age of participants was 56 years (range: 18–83), and 73.4% were female. The median duration of caregiving was 9 months (range: 0.5–300). Lifting and transferring patients were reported as the most challenging caregiving task (41.9%), and 75.8% of caregivers reported shoulder pain. Female caregivers had significantly lower SST scores and higher ZCBS and VAS scores compared with male caregivers (p<0.001; p=0.006; p=0.005, respectively). Similarly, caregivers with shoulder pain demonstrated significantly higher ZCBS and VAS scores (p<0.001 for all comparisons). ROM limitation was observed in 75.8% of caregivers, and 95.7% of these reported shoulder pain (p<0.001). As caregiver burden increases, shoulder function declines. The implementation of structured education programs, safe patient transfer techniques, and therapeutic exercise interventions may help prevent shoulder injuries and reduce caregiver burden.

Ethical Statement

This study had local ethical committee approval from the Ondokuz Mayıs University Clinical Research Ethics Committee (OMUKAEK 2024/14). In addition, institutional permission was obtained from Samsun Provincial Directorate of Health (E-26521195-604.01-240306200). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki

Supporting Institution

None.

Thanks

The authors would like to thank the patients and their caregivers who participated in this study, as well as the staff of Samsun Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Hospital for their support during data collection.

References

  • Lu Y, Shang Z, Zhang W, et al. Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2024;22:285.
  • Feigin VL, Roth GA, Naghavi M, et al. Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:913–924.
  • Widar M, Ahlström G. Disability after a stroke and the influence of long‐term pain on everyday life. Scand J Caring Sci. 2002;16:302–310.
  • Sezer N, Akkuş S, Uğurlu FG. Chronic complications of spinal cord injury. World J Orthop. 2015;6:24–33.
  • Saban KL, Sherwood PR, DeVon HA, et al. Measures of psychological stress and physical health in family caregivers of stroke survivors: a literature review. J Neurosci Nurs. 2010;42:128–138.
  • Middleton JW, Simpson GK, De Wolf A, et al. Psychological distress, quality of life, and burden in caregivers during community reintegration after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:1312–1319.
  • Liu Z, Heffernan C, Tan J. Caregiver burden: a concept analysis. Int J Nurs Sci. 2020;7:438–445. Schulz R, Sherwood PR. Physical and mental health effects of family caregiving. J Soc Work Educ. 2008;44:105–113.
  • Hinojosa MS, Rittman M. Association between health education needs and stroke caregiver injury. J Aging Health. 2009;21:1040–1058.
  • Zarit SH, Reever KE, Bach-Peterson J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist. 1980;20:649–655.
  • Özlü A, Yıldız M, Aker T. Zarit Bakıcı Yük Ölçeğinin Şizofreni hasta yakınlarında geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Arch Neuropsychiatry. 2009;46:38–44.
  • Ayhan Ç, Ünal E, Yakut Y. Basit Omuz Testi’nin Türkçe versiyonu: güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Fizyoter Rehabil. 2010;21:68–74.
  • Jensen MP, Chen C, Brugger AM. Interpretation of visual analog scale ratings and change scores: a reanalysis of two clinical trials of postoperative pain. J Pain. 2003;4:407–414.
  • Küçükdeveci AA, Yavuzer G, Elhan AH, et al. Adaptation of the Functional Independence Measure for use in Turkey. Clin Rehabil. 2001;15:311–319.
  • Kolber MJ, Hanney WJ. The reliability and concurrent validity of shoulder mobility measurements using a digital inclinometer and goniometer: a technical report. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012;7:306–313.
  • Kazemi A, Azimian J, Mafi M, et al. Caregiver burden and coping strategies in caregivers of older patients with stroke. BMC Psychol. 2021;9:45.
  • Friedemann ML, Buckwalter KC. Family caregiver role and burden related to gender and family relationships. J Fam Nurs. 2014;20:313–336.
  • Fertelli TK, Tuncay F. Relationship between care burden, social support and quality of life in caregivers of individuals with stroke. J Acad Res Nurs. 2019;5:107–115.
  • Harding R, Gao W, Jackson D, et al. Comparative analysis of informal caregiver burden in advanced cancer, dementia, and acquired brain injury. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2015;50:445–452.
  • Candan Ç, İnci FH. Kronik hastalığı olan bireylerin öz bakım yönetimi ile aile üyelerinin bakım yükü arasındaki ilişki. Hacettepe Univ Hemşirelik Fakültesi Derg. 2024;11:61–69.
  • Selçuk K, Avcı D. The care burden of caregivers caring for elderly with chronic diseases and affecting factors. Suleyman Demirel Univ Sag Bilim Derg. 2016;7:1–9.
  • Aşiret GD, Kapucu S. Care burden of the patient relatives who take care of the patients with stroke. Turk J Res Dev Nurs. 2012;14:1–6.
  • Bhattacharjee M, Vairale J, Gawali K, et al. Factors affecting burden on caregivers of stroke survivors: population-based study in Mumbai (India). Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2012;15:113–119.
  • Darragh AR, Sommerich CM, Lavender SA, et al. Musculoskeletal discomfort, physical demand, and caregiving activities in informal caregivers. J Appl Gerontol. 2015;34:734–760.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Zafer Ceyhan 0000-0001-8879-5052

Zeliha Ceyhan 0009-0005-4960-538X

Ozlem Terzi 0000-0002-9524-5582

Submission Date November 4, 2025
Acceptance Date January 28, 2026
Publication Date April 1, 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA48SF67DA
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 43 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ceyhan, Z., Ceyhan, Z., & Terzi, O. (2026). Shoulder function and care burden in caregivers of stroke and spinal cord injury patients: A cross-sectional study. Deneysel Ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi, 43(1), 31-36. https://izlik.org/JA48SF67DA
AMA 1.Ceyhan Z, Ceyhan Z, Terzi O. Shoulder function and care burden in caregivers of stroke and spinal cord injury patients: A cross-sectional study. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2026;43(1):31-36. https://izlik.org/JA48SF67DA
Chicago Ceyhan, Zafer, Zeliha Ceyhan, and Ozlem Terzi. 2026. “Shoulder Function and Care Burden in Caregivers of Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Deneysel Ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi 43 (1): 31-36. https://izlik.org/JA48SF67DA.
EndNote Ceyhan Z, Ceyhan Z, Terzi O (April 1, 2026) Shoulder function and care burden in caregivers of stroke and spinal cord injury patients: A cross-sectional study. Deneysel ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi 43 1 31–36.
IEEE [1]Z. Ceyhan, Z. Ceyhan, and O. Terzi, “Shoulder function and care burden in caregivers of stroke and spinal cord injury patients: A cross-sectional study”, J. Exp. Clin. Med., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 31–36, Apr. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA48SF67DA
ISNAD Ceyhan, Zafer - Ceyhan, Zeliha - Terzi, Ozlem. “Shoulder Function and Care Burden in Caregivers of Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Deneysel ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi 43/1 (April 1, 2026): 31-36. https://izlik.org/JA48SF67DA.
JAMA 1.Ceyhan Z, Ceyhan Z, Terzi O. Shoulder function and care burden in caregivers of stroke and spinal cord injury patients: A cross-sectional study. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2026;43:31–36.
MLA Ceyhan, Zafer, et al. “Shoulder Function and Care Burden in Caregivers of Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Deneysel Ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi, vol. 43, no. 1, Apr. 2026, pp. 31-36, https://izlik.org/JA48SF67DA.
Vancouver 1.Zafer Ceyhan, Zeliha Ceyhan, Ozlem Terzi. Shoulder function and care burden in caregivers of stroke and spinal cord injury patients: A cross-sectional study. J. Exp. Clin. Med. [Internet]. 2026 Apr. 1;43(1):31-6. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA48SF67DA