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Unlocking the genetic enigma: Estimating the hidden horde of barcoded cancer cells using a molecular German tank problem approach
Abstract
Residual cancer cells that remain below the detection threshold after treatment may contribute to recurrence, treatment resistance, and disease progression. This study proposes a theoretical, simulation-based molecular estimation framework to infer the potential burden of undetected residual cancer cells, using a statistical approach inspired by the German tank problem. In silico datasets were generated to represent virtual cancer patients with simulated mutation-derived molecular barcodes and serial sampling time points. The estimator was applied to repeated samples, and the model's behavior was evaluated under simplified assumptions of a random barcode distribution and independent sampling. In the baseline simulation, increasing the number of samples improved estimator stability and convergence toward the predefined simulated residual cell burden. Model performance demonstrated minimal bias (+0.28 cells), low RMSE (130.69 cells), low mean relative error (0.073%), 94.6% interval coverage, and strong calibration between estimated and true simulated burdens (slope = 1.00004; R² = 0.99999). The present framework is not clinically validated and does not include patient-derived samples, experimental data, spatial tumor heterogeneity, clonal evolution, sequencing noise, treatment selection effects, or variable ctDNA shedding in the baseline model. Therefore, the proposed method should be interpreted as a proof-of-concept mathematical framework rather than a clinically applicable assay for quantifying residual disease. Future studies using controlled barcoded cell-line mixtures, serial dilution experiments, three-dimensional tumor models, patient-derived organoids, and clinically annotated ctDNA datasets are required to validate, refine, and biologically contextualize the estimator.
Keywords
- Neoplasm Residual
- Circulating Tumor DNA
- Models Statistical
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Neoplasm Recurrence Local
- Tumor Heterogeneity
- Algorithms
Ethical Statement
This study did not require ethical committee approval as it did not involve any research on human participants or animal subjects. All experiments were conducted in silico algorithms. The use of established and publicly available algorithms does not necessitate additional ethical approval, as per institutional and international guidelines.
Thanks
Not applicable.
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Cancer Diagnosis
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
September 30, 2026
Submission Date
May 8, 2026
Acceptance Date
September 28, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 43 Number: 3
APA
Taştan, C., & Aydin, B. (2026). Unlocking the genetic enigma: Estimating the hidden horde of barcoded cancer cells using a molecular German tank problem approach. Deneysel Ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi, 43(3), 342-349. https://izlik.org/JA88PZ49AY
AMA
1.Taştan C, Aydin B. Unlocking the genetic enigma: Estimating the hidden horde of barcoded cancer cells using a molecular German tank problem approach. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2026;43(3):342-349. https://izlik.org/JA88PZ49AY
Chicago
Taştan, Cihan, and Beyza Aydin. 2026. “Unlocking the Genetic Enigma: Estimating the Hidden Horde of Barcoded Cancer Cells Using a Molecular German Tank Problem Approach”. Deneysel Ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi 43 (3): 342-49. https://izlik.org/JA88PZ49AY.
EndNote
Taştan C, Aydin B (September 1, 2026) Unlocking the genetic enigma: Estimating the hidden horde of barcoded cancer cells using a molecular German tank problem approach. Deneysel ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi 43 3 342–349.
IEEE
[1]C. Taştan and B. Aydin, “Unlocking the genetic enigma: Estimating the hidden horde of barcoded cancer cells using a molecular German tank problem approach”, J. Exp. Clin. Med., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 342–349, Sept. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA88PZ49AY
ISNAD
Taştan, Cihan - Aydin, Beyza. “Unlocking the Genetic Enigma: Estimating the Hidden Horde of Barcoded Cancer Cells Using a Molecular German Tank Problem Approach”. Deneysel ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi 43/3 (September 1, 2026): 342-349. https://izlik.org/JA88PZ49AY.
JAMA
1.Taştan C, Aydin B. Unlocking the genetic enigma: Estimating the hidden horde of barcoded cancer cells using a molecular German tank problem approach. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2026;43:342–349.
MLA
Taştan, Cihan, and Beyza Aydin. “Unlocking the Genetic Enigma: Estimating the Hidden Horde of Barcoded Cancer Cells Using a Molecular German Tank Problem Approach”. Deneysel Ve Klinik Tıp Dergisi, vol. 43, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 342-9, https://izlik.org/JA88PZ49AY.
Vancouver
1.Cihan Taştan, Beyza Aydin. Unlocking the genetic enigma: Estimating the hidden horde of barcoded cancer cells using a molecular German tank problem approach. J. Exp. Clin. Med. [Internet]. 2026 Sep. 1;43(3):342-9. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA88PZ49AY
