Applications of Contemporary Imaging Modalities in Orthodontics

Year 2021, Volume: 38 Issue: 3s, 104 - 112, 09.05.2021

Emre Cesur Kaan Orhan

Abstract

The validity of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning depends on the accuracy of the photos, models and radiograps to be obtained from the patient. One of the most important parts of diagnosis and treatment planning is the use of appropriate imaging method. Although lateral cephalometric radiographs are still the most preferred imaging method, other methods such as hand-wrist radiographs, panoramic radiographs, cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound are also frequently used. For this reason, it is important to know the advantages and disadvantages of all imaging methods for orthodontists in order to select the most suitable method for the patient.

Keywords

orthodontics, imaging

References

• Akçam, M.O., Altiok, T., Ozdiler, E., 2003. Panoramic radiographs: A tool for investigating skeletal pattern. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 123(2), 175-181. Aldrich, J.E., 2007. Basic physics of ultrasound imaging. Crit. Care Med. 35(5), 131-137. Altug-Atac, A.T., Erdem, D., 2007. Prevalence and distribution of dental anomalies in orthodontic patients. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 131(4), 510-514. American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, 2013. Clinical recommendations regarding use of cone beam computed tomography in orthodontics. [corrected]. Position statement by the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. 116, 238-257. Angle, E.H., 1899. Classification of malocclusion. Dental Cosmos. 41, 248- 264. Angle, E.H., 1907. Treatment of malocclusion of the teeth. SS White, Philadelphia. Apajalahti, S., Peltola, J.S.,2007. Apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment—a retrospective study. Eur. J. Orthod. 29(4), 408-412. Baccetti, T., Franchi, L., McNamara, J.A. Jr., 2002. An improved version of the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of mandibular growth. Angle Orthod. 72, 316–23. Baccetti, T., Franchi, L., McNamara, J.A., 2005. The Cervical Vertebral Maturation (CVM) Method for the Assessment of Optimal Treatment Timing in Dentofacial Orthopedics. Semin. Orthod. 11, 119-29. Bergman, R.T., 1999. Cephalometric soft tissue facial analysis. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 116, 373-89. Bertram, S., Rudisch, A., Bodner, G., Emshoff, R., 2001. The short-term effect of stabilization-type splints on the local asymmetry of masseter muscle sites. J. Oral Rehabil. 28, 1139–1143. Björk, A., Helm, S., 1967. Prediction of the age of maximum puberal growth in body height. Angle Orthod. 37, 134‐143. Boom, H.P.W., Van Spronsen, P.H., Van Ginkel, F.C., Van Schijndel, R.A., Castelijns, J.A., Tuinzing, D.B., 2008. A Comparison of human jaw muscle cross-sectional area and volume in long- and short-face subjects using MRI. Arch. Oral Biol. 53, 273-281. Bowden, B.D.,1976. Epiphysial changes in the hand/wrist area as indicators of adolescent stage. Aust. Orthod. J. 4, 87–104. Bressmann, T., Thind, P., Uy, C., Bollig, C., Gilbert, R.W., Irish, J.C., 2005. Quantitative three-dimensional ultrasound analysis of tongue protrusion, grooving and symmetry: data from 12 normal speakers and a partial glossectomee. Clin. Linguist Phon. 19(6–7), 573–588. Brown, M.A., Semelka, R.C., 1999, MRI: Basic Principles and Applications. Second Edition. Wiley-Liss Ltd, New York. Brown, M.A., Semelka, R.C., 1999, MRI: Basic Principles and Applications. Second Edition. Wiley-Liss Ltd, New York. Cattaneo, P.M., Bloch, C.B., Calmar, D., Hjortshøj, M., Melsen, B., 2008. Comparison between conventional and cone-beam computed tomography-generated cephalograms. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 134, 798-802. Cesur, E., Özdiler, O., Köklü, A., Orhan, K., Seki, U., 2020. Effects of wear time differences of removable functional appliances ın class II patients: prospective MRI study of TMJ and masticatory muscle changes. Oral Radiol. 36(1), 47-59. Cha, B.K., Lee, Y.H., Lee, N.K., Choi, D.S., Baek, S.H., 2008. Soft tissue thickness for placement of an orthodontic miniscrew using an ultrasonic device. Angle Orthod. 78(3), 403-408. Chaconas, S.J., Fragıskos, F.D., 1991. Orthognathic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning: a Cephalometric Approach. J. Oral Rehab. 18(6), 531-45. Close, P.J., Stokes, M.J., L’Estrange, P.R., Rowell, J., 1995. Ultrasonography of masseter muscle size in normal young adults. J. Oral Rehabil. 22, 129–134. Dalessandri, D., Laffranchi, L., Tonni, I., Zotti, F., Piancino, M.G., Paganelli, C., Bracco, P., 2011. Advantages of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the orthodontic treatment planning of cleidocranial dysplasia patients: a case report. Head Face Med. 7, 6. doi: 10.1186/1746-160X-7-6. Dudic, A., Giannopoulou, C., Leuzinger, M., Kiliaridis, S., 2009. Detection of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment by using panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography of super-high resolution. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 135, 434-437. Durao, A.P.R., Morosolli, A., Brown, J., Jacobs, R., 2017. Masseter muscle measurement performed by ultrasound: a systematic review. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 46(6), 20170052. Ejima, K., Schulze, D., Stippig, A., Matsumoto, K., Rottke, D., Honda, K., 2013. Relationship between the thickness of the roof of glenoid fossa, condyle morphology and remaining teeth in asymptomatic European patients based on cone beam CT data sets. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 42(3), 90929410. Eley, K.A., McIntyre, A.G., Watt-Smith, S.R., Golding, S.J., 2012. ‘Black bone’’ MRI: a partial flip angle technique for radiation reduction in craniofacial imaging. Br. J. Radiol. 85(1011), 272–278. Eley, K.A., Watt-Smith, S.R., Golding, S.J., 2013. “Black Bone” MRI: a potential non- ionizing method for three-dimensional cephalometric analysis—a preliminary feasibility study. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 42, 20130236. Emshoff, R., Bertram, S., Brandlmaier, I., Scheiderbauer, G., Rudisch, A., Bodner, G., 2002. Ultrasonographic assessment of local cross-sectional dimensions of masseter muscle sites: A reproducible technique? J. Oral Rehabil. 29, 1059–1062. Eren, H., Görgün, S., 2016. Çiğneme kaslarının değerlendirilmesinde ultrason kullanımı. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology-Special Topics. 2(3), 1-6. Erten, O., Yılmaz, B.N., 2018. Three-dimensional ımaging in orthodontics. Turk. J. Orthod. 31, 86-94. Erverdi, N., 2017. Malokluzyonların Sınıflaması In: Çağdaş Ortodonti First Edition. Erverdi, N., ed. Quintessence Pub., İstanbul. Fishman, L.S., 1979. Chronological versus skeletal age, an evaluation of craniofacial growth. Angle Orthod. 49, 181–189. Fishman, L.S.,1982. Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation; a clinically oriented method based on hand-wrist films. Angle Orthod. 52, 88-112. Flores-Mir, C., Burgess, C.A., Champney, M., Jensen, R.J., Pitchere, M.R., Major, P.W., 2006. Correlation of skeletal maturation stages determined by cervical vertebrae and hand-wrist evaluations. Angle Orthod. 76, 1–5. Flores-Mir, C., Nebbe, B., Major, P.W., 2004. Use of skeletal maturation based on hand-wrist radiographic analysis as a predictor of facial growth: a systematic review. Angle Orthod. 74(1), 118–124. Garib, D.G., Yatabe, M.S., Ozawa, T.O., Filho, O.G., 2012. Alveolar bone morphology in patients with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate in the mixed dentition: cone beam computed tomography evaluation. Cleft Palate Craniofac. J. 49, 208-214. Gateno, J., Miloro, M., Hendler, B.H., Horrow, M., 1993. The use of ultrasound to determine the position of the mandibular condyle. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 51(10), 1081-1086. Gill, D.J., Naini, F.B., 2011, Orthodontics: Princeples and Practice. First edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. Graber, T.M., 1967. Panoramic radiography in orthodontic diagnosis. Am. J. Orthod. 53(11), 799-821. Greulich, W.W., Pyle, S.I., 1959, Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of Hand and Wrist. Second edition. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. Gumussoy, I., Miloglu, O., Bayrakdar, I.S., Dagistan, S., Caglayan, F., 2014 Ultrasonography in the evaluation of the mid-palatal suture in rapid palatal expansion. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 43(8), 20140167. Hans, M.G., Palomo, J.M., Valiathan, M., 2015. History of imaging in orthodontics from Broadbent to cone-beam computed tomography. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 146(6), 914-921. Hassel, B., Farman, A.G., 1995. Skeletal maturation evaluation using cervical vertebrae. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 107, 58–66. Heil, A., Lazo Gonzalez, E., Hilgenfeld, T., Kickingereder, P., Bendszus, M., Heiland, S, et al., 2017. Lateral cephalometric analysis for treatment planning in orthodontics based on MRI compared with radiographs: A feasibility study in children and adolescents. PLoS ONE 12(3), e0174524. Holdaway RE., 1983. A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I. Am. J. Orthod. 84(1), 1-28. Katheria, B.C., Kau, C.H., Tate, R., Chen, J.W., English, J., Bouquot, J., 2010. Effectiveness of impacted and supernumerary tooth diagnosis from traditional radiography versus cone beam computed tomography. Pediatr. Dent. 32, 304-9. Kayasu, T., Köklü, A., 2012. Denture Frame Analizi’nin Toplumumuzdaki Normlari Ve Vertikal Yön Etkinliği. Ankara University Health Sciences Institution, PhD Thesis. Kingsley, N.W. 1880, Oral Deformities. Appleton & Son Co., New York. Konez, O., 1995, Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme. First Edition. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, İstanbul. Lamparski, D.G., 1972, Skeletal Age Assessment Utilizing Cervical Vertebrae. Department of Orthodontics, The University of Pittsburgh, Master’s Thesis. Markic, G., Müller, L., Patcas, R., Roos, M., Lochbühler, N., Peltomäki, T., Karlo, C.A., Ullrich, O., Kellenberger, CJ., 2015. Assessing the length of the mandibular ramus and the condylar process: a comparison of OPG, CBCT, CT, MRI, and lateral cephalometric measurements, Eur. J. Orthod. 37(1), 13–21. McNamara Jr, J.A., Franchi, L., 2018. The cervical vertebral maturation method: A user’s guide. Angle Orthod. 88, 133–143. Mozzo, P., Procacci, C., Tacconi, A., Martini, P.T., Andreis, I.A., 1998. A new volumetric CT machine for dental imaging based on the conebeam technique: preliminary results. Eur. Radiol. 8, 1558-1564. Navarro, R.L., Oltramari-Navarro, P.V., Fernandes, T.M., Oliveira, G.F., Conti, A.C., Almeida, M.R., Almeida, R.R., 2013. Comparison of manual, digital and lateral CBCT cephalometric analyses. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 21(2), 167-76. Nohadani, N., Ruf, S., 2008. Assessment of vertical facial and dentoalveolar changes using panoramic radiography. 30(3), 262-268. Oenning, A.C., Jacobs, R., Pauwels, R., Stratis, A., Hedesiu, M., Salmon, B., 2018. DIMITRA Research Group. Cone-beam CT in paediatric dentistry: DIMITRA project position statement. Pediatr. Radiol. 48(3), 308-316. Orhan, K., Ucok, O., Delilbası, C., Paksoy, C., Doğan, N., Karakurumer, K., Ozen, T., 2005. Prevaence Of temporomandibular joint sideways disc displacement in symptom-free volunteers and comparison of signal ıntensity ratios of masticator muscles on magnetic resonance ımages. Oral Health and Dental Management In Black Sea Countries. 1, 14-18. Orhan, K., Nishiyama, H., Tadashi, S., Murakami, S., Furukawa, S., 2006. Comparison of altered sıgnal ıntensity, position, and morphology of the tmj disc ın mr ımages corrected for variations ın surface coil sensitivity. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Radiol. Endod. 101, 515-22. Orhan, K., Aksoy, S., 2015. Konik Işınlı Bilgisayarlı Tomografi ile 3 Boyutlu Sefalometri. In: Güncel Bilgiler Işığında Ortodonti. First Edition. Ozdiler, E., ed. Gümüş Kitabevi, Ankara. Oyar, O., 2008. Magnetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG)’nin klinik uygulamaları ve endikasyonları. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 5(2), 31-40. Ozbek, S.V., Orhan, K., Öztürkmen, Z., 2016. Manyetik rezonans görüntülemenin diş hekimliğindeki yeri, önemi ve manyetik rezonans görüntülerinin yorumlanması. Türkiye Klinikleri J. Oral Maxillofac. Radiol.- Special Topics. 2(1), 33-36. Pacini, A.J., 1922. A System Roentgen Anthropometri, (The Skull). J Radiol. 3, 230-238, 322-331, 418-426. From: Gazilerli, Ü., 1976. Normal Kapanışlı 13-16 Yaşlar Arasındaki Ankara Çocuklarında Steiner Normları. Doçentlik Tezi. Ankara. Palomo, J.M., Yang, C.Y., Hans, M.G., 2005. Clinical Application of Three-Dimensional Craniofacial Imaging in Orthodontics. J. Med. Sci. 25(6),269-278. Pancherz, H., Ruf, S., Thomalske-Faubert, C., 1999. Mandibular articular disc position changes during herbst treatment: a prospective longitudinal MRI study. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 116, 207-214. Parmar, R., Reddy, V., Reddy, S.K., Reddy, D., 2016. Determination of soft tissue thickness at orthodontic miniscrew placement sites using ultrasonography for customizing screw selection. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 150(4), 651-658. Proffıt, W.R., 2013. Concepts of growth and development. In: Contemporary Orthodontics. Fifth Edition. Proffit, W.R., Fields, H.W., Sarver, D.M., eds. Mosby Company, St. Louis. Raadsheer, M.C., Van Eijden, T.M., Van Spronsen, P.H., Van Ginkel, F.C., Kiliaridis, S., Prahl-Andersen, B., 1994. A comparison of human masseter muscle thickness measured by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Arch. Oral Biol. 39(12), 1079-1084. Raadsheer, M.C., Kiliaridis, S., Van Eijden, T.M., Van Ginkel, F.C., Prahl-Andersen, B., 1996. Masseter muscle thickness in growing individuals and its relation to facial morphology. Arch. Oral Biol. 41, 323-332. Ruf, S., Pancherz, H., 1998. Temporomandibular joint growth adaptation in Herbst treatment: a prospective magnetic resonance imaging and cephalometric roentgenographic study. Eur. J. Orthod. 20, 375-388. Ruf, S., Wüsten, B., Pancherz, H., 2002. Temporomandibular joint effects of activator treatment: a prospective longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging and clinical study. Angle Orthod. 72, 527-540. Sharath Kumar, S., S.K., Neeraje, U., Mahesh Kumar, Y., Vivek, V., 2017. CBCT in orthognathic surgery. Sch. J. Dent. Sci. 4(12), 547-555. Shawker, T.H., Sonies, B.C., 1984. Tongue movement during speech: a real-time ultrasound evaluation. J. Clin. Ultrasound. 12, 125–133. Singh, M., Chin, K.J., Chan, V.W., Wong, D.T., Prasad, G.A., Yu, E., 2010. Use of sonography for airway assessment: an observational study. J. Ultrasound Med. 29(1), 79-85. Sumer, A.P., Ozer, M., Sumer, M., Danaci, M., Tokalak, F., Telcioglu, N.T., 2012. Ultrasonography in the evaluation of midpalatal suture in surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion. J. Craniofac Surg. 23(5), 1375-1377. Sümbüllü, M.A., Caglayan, F., Akgül, H.M., Yilmaz, A.B., 2012. Radiological examination of the articular eminence morphology using cone beam CT. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 41(3), 234-40. Quintero, J.C., Trosien, A., Hatcher, D., Kapila, S., 1999 Craniofacial imaging in orthodontics: historical perspective, current status, and future developments. Angle Orthod. 69(6), 491-506. Tanner, J.M., Whitehouse, R.H., Cameron, N., Marshall, W.A., Healy, M.J.R., Goldstein, H., 1983, Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW2 Method). Second Edition. Academic Press, London Türköz, Ç., Kaygısız, E., Ulusoy, Ç., Ateş, C., 2017. A practical formula for determining growth. Diagn. Interv. Radiol. 23(3), 194-198. Uzel, İ., Enacar, A., 2000. Ortodontide Sefalometri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Basımevi, Adana. Ülgen, M., 2001. Ortodonti Anomaliler, Sefalometri, Etiyoloji, Büyüme ve gelişim, Tanı. Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara. Van Vlijmen, O.J., Maal, T., Berge, S.J., Bronkhorst, E.M., Katsaros, C., Kujipers-Jagtman, A.M., 2010. A comparison between 2D and 3D cephalometry on CBCT scans of human skulls. Int. J. Oral and Maxillofac. Surg. 39(2), 156-60. White, S.C., Pharoah, M.J., Goaz, P.W., 2000. Oral radiology: principles and interpretation. Fourth Edition. Mosby Company, St.Louis. Wojtczak, J.A., 2012. Submandibular sonography: assessment of hyomental distances and ratio, tongue size, and floor of the mouth musculature using portable sonography. J. Ultrasound Med. 31(4), 523–528. Zimbran, A., Dudea, S., Dudea, D., 2013. Evaluation of periodontal tissues using 40 MHz ultrasonography. preliminary report. Med. Ultrason. 15(1), 6-9. Zimmerman, J.N., Vora, S.R., Pliska, B.T., 2019. Reliability of upper airway assessment using CBCT. Eur. J. Orthod. 41(1), 101-108.