Evaluation of the effect of NO2 levels on mortality in four key cities of Türkiye between 2017-2019

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1, 66 - 71, 18.03.2023

Elif Nur Yıldırım Öztürk Mustafa Öztürk

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the NO2 levels in four key cities of Turkey (Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir and Bursa) over a three-year period and to examine the effect of NO2 on mortality. The research is of descriptive-ecological type. In the research, air quality (NO2), population and death data were needed for each city to cover the dates 01.01.2017-31.12-2019. In the research, 20 μg/m3 was accepted as the annual NO2 limit value. Numbers, percentages, mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values were used in summarizing data. Calculations related to mortality attributed to NO2-induced air pollution were made using the AirQ+ software’s own methodology. In 2019, 33 stations in Istanbul, 4 stations in Ankara, 5 stations in Izmir and 5 stations in Bursa were measuring NO2. In 2019, the weighted NO2 mean was 40.61 μg/m3 in Istanbul, 32.94 μg/m3 in Ankara, 7.87 μg/m3 in Izmir and 31.68 μg/m3 in Bursa. The estimated percentage of deaths attributed to NO2 in 2019 was 7.95 in Istanbul, 5.07 in Ankara and 4.58 in Bursa. Calculations for 2018 in Ankara and 2017, 2018 and 2019 in Izmir were not made because the NO2 levels in these cities were less than 20 μg/m3 in these years. As a result of the research, it was determined that the NO2 levels were higher than the limit value in three of the four key cities in Turkey and the mortality rates attributed to NO2 were found to be higher compared to similar studies in the literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

air pollution, AirQ+, nitrogen oxide, NO2, Turkey

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

• 1. World Health Organization. Fact Sheets. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health (Access date: 24.05.2022)
• 2. GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018; 392(10159): 1923-1994.
• 3. World Health Organization. Themes. Air pollution data portal. Available at https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/air-pollution (Access date: 24.05.2022)
• 4. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Air Pollution Deaths and DALYs. Available at https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results?params=gbd-api-2019-permalink/8637b93bb3fd644655fc38391c087e04 (Access date: 26.05.2022)
• 5. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Country Profiles: Turkey. Available at http://www.healthdata.org/turkey (Access date: 26.05.2022)
• 6. United Nations Sustainable Developments Goals. 17 Goals to Transform Our World. Available at https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ (Access date: 26.05.2022)
• 7. World Health Organization. Sustainable development goals & air pollution. Available at https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/air-quality-and-health/policy-progress/sustainable-development-goals-air-pollution (Access date: 26.05.2022)
• 8. Environmental Protection Agency. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Pollution. Available at https://www.epa.gov/no2-pollution/basic-information-about-no2 (Access date: 25.05.2022)
• 9. Huang S, Li H, Wang M, Qian Y, Steenland K, Caudle WM, et al. Long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Science of The Total Environment. 2021: 776; 145968.
• 10. Meng X, Liu C, Chen R, Sera F, Vicedo-Cabrera A M, Milojevic A, et al. Short term associations of ambient nitrogen dioxide with daily total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality: multilocation analysis in 398 cities. BMJ 2021; 372: n534.
• 11. Heinrich J, Thiering E, Rzehak P, Krämer U, Hochadel M, Rauchfuss KM, et al. Long-term exposure to NO2 and PM10 and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a prospective cohort of women. J Occup Environ Med. 2013; 70: 179-186.
• 12. Crouse DL, Peters PA, Hystad P, Brook JR, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, et al. Ambient PM 2.5, O3, and NO2 exposures and associations with mortality over 16 years of follow-up in the Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC). Environ Health Perspect. 2015; 123: 1180-1186.
• 13. T.R. Environment and Urban Ministry. Air Quality-Station Data Download. Available at https://sim.csb.gov.tr/STN/STN_Report/StationDataDownloadNew (Access date: 10.01.2022)
• 14. Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). City-based population and death data for 2017, 2018 and 2019. Available at https://data.tuik.gov.tr/ (Access date: 10.01.2022)
• 15. Clean Air Rights Platform. Black Report 2021: Air Pollution and Health Effects. Available at https://www.temizhavahakki.com//wp-content/uploads/2021/09/KaraRapor2021.pdf (Access date: 27.05.2022)
• 16. WHO Regional Office for Europe. AirQ+: Software tool for health risk assessment of air pollution. Available at https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/air-quality/activities/airq-software-tool-for-health-risk-assessment-of-air-pollution (Access date: 12.01.2022)
• 17. Health risks of air pollution in Europe-HRAPIE project Recommendations for concentration–response functions for cost–benefit analysis of particulate matter, ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2013: p10. (Access date: 27.07.2021)
• 18. Dated 06.06.2008 and numbered 26898 T.R. Air Quality Assessment and Management Regulation. Available at https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=12188&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5 (Access date:27.05.2022)
• 19. WHO. The Global Health Observatory Ambient air pollution attributable death rate (per 100.000 population, age-standardized) 2016. Available at https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/ambient-air-pollution-attributable-death-rate-(per-100-000-population-age-standardized) (Access date: 17.05.2022)
• 20. WHO. The Global Health Observatory Ambient air pollution attributable DALYs (per 100.000 population, age-standardized) 2016. Available at https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/ambient-air-pollution-attributable-dalys-(per-100-000-population-age-standardized) (Access date: 17.05.2022)
• 21. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Air Pollution Deaths and DALYs. Available at https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/ (Access date: 17.05.2022)
• 22. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Country Profiles: Turkey. Air Pollution Deaths and DALYs. Available at https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results/ (Access date: 17.05.2022)
• 23. Suryadhi MAH, Abudureyimu K, Kashima S, Yorifuji T. Nitrogen dioxide and acute respiratory tract infections in children in Indonesia. Archives of Environmental&Occupational Health. 2020; 75: 274-280.
• 24. Zhang Z, Wang J, Lu W. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018; 25: 15133-15145.
• 25. Khreis H, Kelly C, Tate J, Parslow R, Lucas K, Nieuwenhuijsen M. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of development of childhood asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2017; 100: 1-31.
• 26. Orellano P, Quaranta N, Reynoso J, Balbi B, Vasquez J. Effect of outdoor air pollution on asthma exacerbations in children and adults: Systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017; 12(3): e0174050.
• 27. Hamra GB, Laden F, Cohen AJ, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Brauer M, Loomis D. Lung Cancer and Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Traffic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2015; 123: 1107-1112.
• 28. Yorifuji T, Kashima S. Long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and natural-cause and cause-specific mortality in Japan. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 741: 140465.
• 29. Hvidtfeldt UA, Sørensen M, Geels C, Ketzel M, Khan J, Tjønneland A, et al. Long-term residential exposure to PM2. 5, PM10, black carbon, NO2, and ozone and mortality in a Danish cohort. Environ Int. 2019; 123: 265-272.
• 30. Gabet S, Lemarchand C, Guénel P, Slama R. Breast Cancer Risk in Association with Atmospheric Pollution Exposure: A Meta-Analysis of Effect Estimates Followed by a Health Impact Assessment. Environ Health Perspect. 2021; 129(5): 57012.
• 31. Peters R, Ee N, Peters J, Booth A, Mudway I, Anstey KJ. Air Pollution and Dementia: A Systematic Review. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019; 70(s1): 145-163.
• 32. Copat C, Cristaldi A, Fiore M, Grasso A, Zuccarello P, Signorelli SS, et al. The role of air pollution (PM and NO2) in COVID-19 spread and lethality: A systematic review. Environ Res. 2020; 191: 110129.
• 33. Xu C, Zhang Z, Ling G, Wang G, Wang M. Air pollutant spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and effects on human health in North China. Chemosphere. 2022; 294: 133814.
• 34. Brito J, Bernardo A, Gonçalves LL. Atmospheric pollution and mortality in Portugal: Quantitative assessment of the environmental burden of disease using the AirQ+ model. Sci Total Environ. 2022; 815: 152964.
• 35. Luo H, Guan Q, Lin J, Wang Q, Yang L, Tan Z, et al. Air pollution characteristics and human health risks in key cities of northwest China. J Environ Manage. 2020; 269: 110791.
• 36. Rovira J, Domingo JL, Schuhmacher M. Air quality, health impacts and burden of disease due to air pollution (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3): Application of AirQ+ model to the Camp de Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain). Sci Total Environ. 2020; 703: 135538.
• 37. Markandeya, Verma PK, Mishra V, Singh NK, Shukla SP, Mohan D. Spatio-temporal assessment of ambient air quality, their health effects and improvement during COVID-19 lockdown in one of the most polluted cities of India. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021; 28(9): 10536-10551.
• 38. Gao H, Wang J, Li T, Fang C. Analysis of Air Quality Changes and Influencing Factors in Changchun During the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2021; 21: 210055.
• 39. Amouei Torkmahalleh M, Akhmetvaliyeva Z, Omran AD, Darvish Omran F, Kazemitabar M, Naseri M, et al. Global Air Quality and COVID-19 Pandemic: Do We Breathe Cleaner Air? Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2021; 21, 200567.
• 40. Upadhyay A, Mahapatra PS, Singh PK, Dahal S, Pokhrel S. Bhujel A, et al. Learnings from COVID-19 Forced Lockdown on Regional Air Quality and Mitigation Potential for South Asia. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2022; 22: 210376.
• 41. Yıldırım Öztürk EN, Uyar M, Öztürk M. Evaluation of the Effect of NO2 Originated Air Pollution on Mortality in Konya Province Between 2016-2019 by Using AirQ+ Software. Bozok Med J. 2022; 12(1): 11-16.
• 42. Kavuncuoğlu D, Yılmaz S, Koşan Z. The Effect of NO2 Levels on Mortality in Erzurum in 2016-2018. ESTUDAM Public Health Journal. 2021; 6: 114-122.
• 43. Palanbek Yavaş S, Önal AE, Pacci S, Çağlayan Ç. Effect of PM10 and NO2 Levels on Chronic Bronchitis Incidence and Mortality in Marmara Region. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2021; 41(3): 225-233.
• 44. Abdolahnejad A, Jafari N, Mohammadi A, Miri M, Hajizadeh Y. Mortality and Morbidity Due to Exposure to Ambient NO2, SO2, and O3 in Isfahan in 2013-2014. Int J Prev Med. 2018; 9: 11.
• 45. Miri M, Derakhshan Z, Allahabadi A, Ahmadi E, Oliveri Conti G, Ferrante M, et al. Mortality and morbidity due to exposure to outdoor air pollution in Mashhad metropolis, Iran. The AirQ model approach. Environ Res. 2016; 151: 451-457.
• 46. Karimi A, Shirmardi M, Hadei M, Birgani YT, Neisi A, Takdastan A, et al. Concentrations and health effects of short- and long-term exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and O3 in ambient air of Ahvaz city, Iran (2014-2017). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019; 180: 542-548.
• 47. Fattore E, Paiano V, Borgini A, Tittarelli A, Bertoldi M, Crosignani P, et al. Human health risk in relation to air quality in two municipalities in an industrialized area of Northern Italy. Environ Res. 2011; 111(8): 1321-1327.