Non-invasive Evaluation of Anaerobic Threshold and Anaerobic Power Relationship of Heart Rate Variability

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 249 - 262, 26.08.2023

Tuncay Alparslan , Ramiz Arabacı , Nuran Küçük , Ali Kamil Güngör

https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.1294432

Öz

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences in the changes between pre-test, during-test, and post-test values of anaerobic-threshold (AT) and anaerobic-power (AP) in terms of heart-rate-variability (HRV), as well as the relationship between AT and AP with HRV parameters. The study involved 25 healthy male volunteers (mean age=24±0.9 years; height=177.5±6.2 cm; weight=80.4±8.3 kg). On the first day, measurements of height, weight, and body composition were taken. The Wingate anaerobic capacity test was performed, and recordings were made for HRV before the test (30 seconds), during the test (30 seconds), and after the test (30 seconds). On the second day, the participants underwent a cardiorespiratory exercise test using the Bruce protocol. Recordings for HRV were taken before the test (30 seconds), during the test, and at the end of the test (30 seconds). Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the participants' HRV parameters between pre-test, test, and post-test. Pairwise comparisons within the groups were determined using the Bonferroni test. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between AP and AT. The analysis of the research data revealed that there were significant differences in MeanRR for AP and AT between pre-test, during-test, and post-test (p<0.001). For SDNN, the changes were significant between during-test, post-test (p<0.05), and between pre-test, post-test (p < 0.01) in the measurement of AP. For RMSSD, the changes were only significant between pre-test, during-test, and between pre-test, post-test in the AT zone (p<0.001). Significant changes were observed between pre-test and during-test for LFnu (p<0.05) and HFnu (p<0.01). As for the relationship between AT and AP, there was only a significant positive relationship for LF/HF among the HRV parameters. According to the results of this study, HRV for AT and AP continues to increase during the test from pre-test and decreases, with no recovery observed after the test. The relationship between the changes in HRV and AT and AP is only significant in a positive direction for LF/HF. Although AT and AP show similarities in terms of the decrease in HRV parameters, they cannot be fully considered as directly related to each other.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anaerobic Power, Aotonomic Nervous System, Anaerobic Threshold

Anaerobik Eşik ve Anaerobik Güç İlişkisinin Kalp Atım Hızı Değişkenliğinin Non-invazif Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı anaerobik eşik (AE) ve anaerobik gücün (AG) kalp-atım-hızı-değişkenliği (KAHD) açısından test-öncesi, test-sırası ve sonrası değerlerle değişimi arasındaki farklılığın ve AE ile AG’nin KAHD parametreleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. 25 sağlıklı erkek gönüllü olarak araştırmaya katıldı (Ort. yaş=24±0,9 yıl; boy=177,5±6,2 cm; ağırlık=80,4±8,3 kg). İlk gün boy, ağırlık ve vücut kompozisyonu ölçümü yapıldı. Wingate anaerobik kapasite testi uygulandı. Test-öncesinde (30 saniye), test-sırasında (30 saniye) ve test-sonrasında (30 saniye) KAHD için kayıt alındı. İkinci gün kardiyo-pulmoner egzersiz testi Bruce protokolü uygulandı. Test başlamadan önce (30 saniye), test süresince ve test bitiminde (30 saniye) KAHD kaydı alındı. Ön-test, test ve son-test için katılımcıların KAHD parametrelerini karşılaştırmak için tekrarlanan varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanıldı. Grup içi karşılaştırmalar Bonferroni testi ile belirlendi. AE ile AG ilişkisi için Pearson korelasyon katsayısı belirlendi. Araştırma verilerinin analizi sonucunda AE ve AG için MeanRR için test-öncesi, test-sırası ve sonrasında anlamlıdır (p<0,001). SDNN için değişim AG ölçümünde test-sırası, test-sonrası (p<0,05) ve test-öncesi, test-sonrası (p<0,01), RMSSD için ise sadece AE bölgesinde test-öncesi, test sırası ve test-öncesi, test-sonrası arasında anlamlıdır (p<0,001). LFnu (p<0,05) ve HFnu (p<0,01) için test-öncesi ile test-sırası arasında anlamlı değişim görülmüştür. AE ile AG arasında ise KAHD parametrelerinden sadece LF/HF için anlamlı pozitif ilişki söz konusudur. Bu araştırma sonuçlarına göre AE ile AG için KAHD test-öncesinden başlayarak test-sırasında ve test-sonrasında artarak düşmeye devam etmekte olup test-sonrasında toparlanma sağlanamamaktadır. AE ile AG arasında KAHD değişimleri arasındaki ilişki sadece LF/HF için pozitif yönde anlamlıdır. AE ile AG, KAHD parametrelerinin düşüşü açısından benzerlik gösterse de tam olarak birbiriyle ilişkili olduğu söylenemez.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anaerobik Güç, Otonom Sinir Sistemi, Anaerobik Eşik

Kaynakça

• ACSM. (2013). ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Alparslan, T., Arabacı, R., Güngör, A. K., Şenol, L., & Küçük, N. (2022). The Effect of Static Stretching Exercises at Different Times on Heart Rate Variability Before Anaerobic Capacity Test. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 148-161. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1053448
• Alparslan, T., Arabaci, R., & Görgülü, R. (2020). Non-invasive Assessment of Heart Rate Variability during Maximum Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) Test.
• Anosov, O., Patzak, A., Kononovich, Y., & Persson, P. B. (2000). High-frequency oscillations of the heart rate during ramp load reflect the human anaerobic threshold. European journal of applied physiology, 83(4-5), 388- 394. https://doi.org/10.1007/S004210000302
• Bar-Or, O. (1987). The Wingate anaerobic test an update on methodology, reliability and validity. Sports medicine, 4(6), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198704060-00001
• Belli, T., Ackermann, M. A., Ribeiro, L. F. P., Langeani, R., Galdino da Silva, R., & Baldissera, V. (2007). Lactate and ventilatory thresholds in type 2 diabetic women. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 76(1), 18-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DIABRES.2006.07.028
• Berntson, G. G., Thomas Bigger Jr, J., Eckberg, D. L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P. G., Malik, M., Nagaraja, H. N., Porges, S. W., Saul, J. P., & Stone, P. H. (1997). Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34(6), 623-648. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x
• Coote, J. H. (2010). Recovery of heart rate following intense dynamic exercise. Experimental physiology, 95(3), 431-440. https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2009.047548
• Cottin, F., Leprêtre, P.-M., Lopes, P., Papelier, Y., Médigue, C., & Billat, V. (2006). Assessment of Ventilatory Thresholds from Heart Rate Variability in Well-Trained Subjects during Cycling. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(12), 959-967. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-923849
• Dourado, V. Z., Banov, M. C., Marino, M. C., De Souza, V. L., Antunes, L. C. D. O., & McBurnie, M. A. (2010). A Simple approach to assess VT during a field walk test. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(10), 698-703. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1255110
• Ekkekakis, P., Thome, J., Petruzzello, S. J., & Hall, E. E. (2008). The Preference for and Tolerance of the Intensity of Exercise Questionnaire: A psychometric evaluation among college women. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(5), 499-510. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701624523
• Esco, M. R., & Flatt, A. A. (2014). Ultra-short-term heart rate variability indexes at rest and post-exercise in athletes: evaluating the agreement with accepted recommendations. Journal of sports science & medicine, 13(3), 535-541.
• Farsidfar, F., Kasikcioglu, E., Oflaz, H., Kasikcioglu, D., Meric, M., & Umman, S. (2008). Effects of different intensities of acute exercise on flow-mediated dilatation in patients with coronary heart disease. International journal of cardiology, 124(3), 372-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJCARD.2006.11.243
• Gaskill, S. E., Ruby, B. C., Walker, A. J., Sanchez, O. A., Serfass, R. C., & Leon, A. S. (2001). Validity and reliability of combining three methods to determine ventilatory threshold. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(11), 1841-1848. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200111000-00007
• Guilkey, J. P., Overstreet, M., & Mahon, A. D. (2015). Heart rate recovery and parasympathetic modulation in boys and girls following maximal and submaximal exercise. European journal of applied physiology, 115(10), 2125-2133.
• Güngör, A. K., Topçu, H., Arabacı, R., & Şahin, Ş. (2022). The Effects of Different Recovery Methods on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Hearing Impaired Athletes. Ondokuz Mayıs University Journal of Sports and Performance Researches, 13(3), 317-332. https://doi.org/10.17155/OMUSPD.1197078
• Heffernan, K. S., Kelly, E. E., Collier, S. R., & Fernhall, bo. (2006). Cardiac autonomic modulation during recovery from acute endurance versus resistance exercise. European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology, 13(1), 80-86. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HJR.0000197470.74070.46
• Inbar, O., Bar-Or, O., & Skinner, J. S. (1996). The Wingate Anaerobic Test. Human Kinetics. https://books.google.com. tr/books?id=f2h3hWiNOOkC
• Kallee, L. A. A., & Hopman, J. C. M. (1993). Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiologic interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996; 93: 1043-1065. Intern. Med, 118, 436-447.
• Karapetian, G. K., Engels, H. J., & Gretebeck, R. J. (2008). Use of heart rate variability to estimate LT and VT. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(08), 652-657. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-989423
• Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J., & Costill, D. (2012). Physiology of sport and exercise 5th edition. Human kinetics.
• Kristal-Boneh, E., Raifel, M., Froom, P., & Ribak, J. (1995). Heart rate variability in health and disease. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 21(2), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.5271/SJWEH.15
• Marek J. A., B., T., Camm, J., E., R., M., K. A., J., A., P., M., Schwartz, J., & Cardiology. (1996). Heart rate variability, standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. circulation, 93(5), 1043-1065. https:// doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043
• Millar, P. J., Rakobowchuk, M., McCartney, N., & MacDonald, M. J. (2009). Heart rate variability and nonlinear analysis of heart rate dynamics following single and multiple Wingate bouts. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 34(5), 875-883. https://doi.org/10.1139/H09-086
• Nakamura, F. Y., Flatt, A. A., Pereira, L. A., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Loturco, I., & Esco, M. R. (2015). Ultra-short-term heart rate variability is sensitive to training effects in team sports players. Journal of sports science & medicine, 14(3), 602-605.
• Niewiadomski, W., Gasiorowska, A., Krauss, B., Mróz, A., & Cybulski, G. (2007). Suppression of heart rate variability after supramaximal exertion. Clinical physiology and functional imaging, 27(5), 309-319. https://doi. org/10.1111/J.1475-097X.2007.00753.X
• Poehling, C. P. (2019). The Effects of Submaximal and Maximal Exercise on Heart Rate Variability. International Journal of Exercise Science, 12(2), 9-14.
• Sanz-Quinto, S., Brizuela, G., López-Grueso, R., Flatt, A. A., Aracil-Marco, A., Reina, R., & Moya-Ramón, M. (2018). Monitoring Heart Rate Variability Before and After a Marathon in an Elite Wheelchair Athlete: A Case Study. Journal of sports science & medicine, 17(4), 557.
• Shaffer, F., & Ginsberg, J. P. (2017). An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Front Public Health. 2017; 5: 258. Epub 2017/10/17. https://doi. org/10.3389/fpubh. 2017.00258 PMID: 29034226. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258
• Shibata, M., Moritani, T., Miyawaki, T., Hayashi, T., & Nakao, K. (2002). Exercise prescription based upon cardiac vagal activity for middle-aged obese women. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 26(10), 1356-1362. https://doi.org/10.1038/SJ.IJO.0802131
• Svedahl, K., & MacIntosh, B. R. (2003). Anaerobic threshold: the concept and methods of measurement. Canadian journal of applied physiology = Revue canadienne de physiologie appliquee, 28(2), 299-323. https://doi.org/10.1139/H03-023
• Tarvainen, M. P., Niskanen, J.-P., Lipponen, J. A., Ranta-Aho, P. O., & Karjalainen, P. A. (2014). Kubios HRV–heart rate variability analysis software. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, 113(1), 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.07.024
• Tulppo, M. P., Makikallio, T. H., Seppänen, T., Laukkanen, R. T., & Huikuri, H. V. (1998). Vagal modulation of heart rate during exercise: effects of age and physical fitness. American journal of physiology-heart and circulatory physiology, 274(2), H424-H429. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.2.H424
• Yıldız, S. A. (2012). Aerobik ve anaerobik kapasitenin anlamı nedir. Solunum dergisi, 14(1), 1-8.
• Zupan, M. F., Arata, A. W., Dawson, L. H., Wile, A. L., Payn, T. L., & Hannon, M. E. (2009). Wingate anaerobic test peak power and anaerobic capacity classifications for men and women intercollegiate athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2598-2604.