Araştırma Makalesi
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An Historical Analysis Of Secularism And Military Impact In Turkey With Reference To The Turkey– Eu Relations During The AKP

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: Eğitim ve Toplum Özel sayısı, 6293 - 6317, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.720695

Öz

This paper argues that the European Union authorities could have misread the military’s role in Turkish modernisation, and this misreading perhaps opened the path for the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi’s (AKP) growing authoritarianism. To test this argument, the paper first outlines a theoretical framework by discussing the influence of secularisation theory in the modernist literature. Then it compares the secularisation theory with its postsecular critics. Through this, the paper aims to understand how a non-governmental institution such as the military may lead to a secular transformation in a nation such as Turkey. Second, the paper makes a brief observation of secularist implementations in Turkey by taking into account the military’s increasing supervision over politics and its influence on secularisation. Then, in light of the findings in the first and second sections, the paper finally discusses the potential relationship between the demilitarisation of politics and the rising AKP authoritarianism by considering the secularist and postsecularist approaches.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, F. (1993). The making of modern Turkey. Routledge.
  • Akkoç, R. (2016, March 17). Where did it all go wrong for Turkey? The Telegraph. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12195534/EU-Turkey-deal-Recep-Tayyip- Erdogan-Where-did-it-all-go-wrong-for-Turkey.html
  • Mustafa, A. (2015, November 10). Turkey’s authoritarian drift. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/11/opinion/turkeys-authoritarian-drift-election-erdogan.html?_r=0
  • Al-Monitor. (2015, February 13). Turkey’s mosque building diplomacy. Retrieved from: http://www.al- monitor.com/pulse/en/originals/2015/02/turkey-mosque-building-soft-power.html
  • Ahmet, A. (2015, February 2). AKP artık siyasi parti değil: Karşımızda bir gangster çetesi var. Diken. Retrieved from: http://www.diken.com.tr/ahmet-altan-akp-artik-siyasi-parti-degil-ciddi-bir-gangster-cetesiyle-karsi-karsiyayiz/
  • Arslan, B. (2016). II. Meşrutiyet’ten Cumhuriyet’e iki devrim: İki süreç. Islık.
  • Seymen, A. (2011). The Turkish example: A model for change in the Middle East? Middle East Policy, 18(3).
  • Atatürk, M. K. (1927). Nutuk. (Orjinal Metin tarihi 1932)
  • Avcı, H. (2015). Cemmatin iflası. Tekin Yayınları.
  • Aydemir, Ş. S. (1963). Tek Adam - Cilt 1. Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Aydemir, Ş. S. (1968). İkinci Adam, Book: 1-3. Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2001). Ergenekon, new pacts, and the decline of the Turkish inner state. Turkish Studies, 12(2).
  • Başbuğ, İ. (2016). 15 Temmuz öncesi ve sonrası. Doğan Kitap.
  • Başkan, B. (2010). What made Atatürk’s reforms possible? Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 21(2).
  • Başkan, F. (2010). Religious versus secular groups in the age of globalisation in Turkey. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 11(2).
  • Excerpts of Turkish army statement. (2007, 28 April). BBC News. Retrieved from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6602775.stm
  • Turkey to ban late night sales of alcohol. (2013, May 24). BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22653173
  • Turkey protests: Unrest rages in Istanbul and Ankara. (2013, June 1). BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22739423
  • Turkey protests: Erdoğan rejects EU criticism. (2013, June 8). BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22817460
  • Hollandalı Türkolog, Erdoğan’ı Protesto İçin Ödülünü İade Ediyor. (2016, May 9). BBC Türkçe.. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2016/05/160509_hollanda_odul_erdogan
  • Belge, M. (2016, February 15). AKP içi muhalefet. Birikim. Retrieved from: http://www.birikimdergisi.com/haftalik/7522/akp-ici-muhalefet#.WJsl8ZkjFdh
  • Berger, P. (1999). The desecularisation of the world: Resurgent religion and world politics. The Ethics and Public Policy Center.
  • Berger, P. (1967). The sacred canopy. Anchor Books.
  • Bilgiç, T. Ü. (2009). The military and Europeanization reforms in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(5).
  • Birand, M. A. (2012). Son Darbe 28 Şubat. Doğan Kitap.
  • Burak, B. (2011). The role of military in Turkish politics: To guard whom and from what? European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 4(1), 143–166.
  • Çağatay, S. (2011). Behind Turkey’s witch hunt. Newsweek. May 16, 2009. Retrieved from: http://www.newsweek.com/2009/05/15behind-turkey-s-witch-hunt.html
  • Çağatay, S. (2010). What’s really behind Turkey’s coup arrests? Foreign Policy, 25.
  • Coate, R. A., Thiel, M. (2010). Identity politics in the age of globalization. First Forum Press.
  • Cook, S. A. (2016, July 21). How Erdoğan made Turkey authoritarian again. The Atlantic. Retrieved from: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/07/how-erdogan-made-turkey-authoritarian- again/492374/
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  • Davies, N. (1996). Europe: A history. Oxford University Press.
  • Davison, A. (2003). Turkey, a ‘secular’ state?: The challenge of description. The South Atlantic Quarterly, 102(2/3).
  • Demirağ, Y. S. (2015). İmamların Öcü. Kırmızı Kedi.
  • Demirel, T. (2004). Soldiers and civilians: The dilemma of Turkish democracy. Middle Eastern Studies, 40(1).
  • Dursun, Ç. (2006). The struggle goes on: The discursive strategies of the Islamist press in Turkey. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 14(2), 161–182.
  • Esposito, J. L., and Tamimi, A. (2000). Islam and secularism in the Middle East. New York University Press.
  • Europe protests against Turkish arrests. (2016, November 5). Euronews. Retrieved from: http://www.euronews.com/2016/11/05/europe-protests-against-turkish-arrests
  • European Commission. (2000, November 8). Regular report on Turkey’s progress towards accession.
  • European Commission. (2004, May 10). Statement by Commissioner Günter Verheugen following the New Package of Reforms in Turkey.
  • Ezikoğlu, Ç. (2016, August 23). Conservative authoritarianism in Turkey. E-International Relations. Retrieved from: http://www.e-ir.info/2016/08/23/conservative-authoritarianism-in-turkey/
  • Grigoriadis, I. N. (2009). Islam and democratization in Tukey: Secularism and trust in a divided society. Democratization, 16(6), 1194–1213.
  • Güney, A., and Karatekelioğlu, P. (2005). Turkey’s EU candidacy and civil-military relations: Challenges and prospects. Armed Forces & Society, 31.
  • Gürsoy, Y. (2012). The final curtain for the Turkish armed forces? Civil–military relations in view of the 2011 general elections. Turkish Studies, 13(2).
  • Habermas, J. (2008, September 16). A post-secular society-What does that mean? Retrieved from: http://www.resetdoc.org/story/00000000926
  • Dindar Bir Gençlik Yetiştirmek İstiyoruz. (2012, February 1). Haber Türk. Retrieved from: http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/711672-dindar-bir-genclik-yetistirmek-istiyoruz-
  • Haynes, J. (2010). Politics, identity and religious nationalism in Turkey: From Atatürk to the AKP. Australian Journal of International Affairs.
  • Heper, M., and Evin, A. (1988). State, democracy and the military: Turkey in the 1980s. Walter de Gruyter.
  • Heper, M. (2011). Civil-military relations in Turkey: Toward a more liberal model? Turkish Studies, 12(2).
  • Heper, M. (2005). The European Union, the Turkish military and democracy. South European Society and Politics, 10(1).
  • Heper, M. (2005). The Justice and Development Party government and the military in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 6(2).
  • Hermann, R. (2003). Political Islam in secular Turkey. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 14(3).
  • Hurd, E. S. (2004). The political authority of secularism in international relations. European Journal of International Relations, 10(2).
  • Hurd, E. S. (2007). The politics of secularism in international relations. Princeton Studies in International Relations and Politics.
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  • Jenkins, G. (2008). The Turkish military’s impact on policy. The Adelphi Papers, 2.
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  • Karabelias, G. (2009). The military institution, Atatürk’s principles, and Turkey’s Sisyphean quest for democracy. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(1).
  • Karagiannis, E. (2016). The new face of political Islam in Central Asia: The rise of Islamo-democrats. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 36.
  • Karaosmanoğlu, A. L. (2001). Transformations of Turkey’s civil-military relations culture and international environment. Turkish Studies, 12.
  • Karpat, K. (2010). Asker ve Siyaset. Timaş Yayınları.
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Sekülarizm ve Ordu Etkisinin AKP Döneminde Türkiye-AB İlişkilerine Etkisine Yönelik Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 16 Sayı: Eğitim ve Toplum Özel sayısı, 6293 - 6317, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.720695

Öz

Bu makale, ordunun Türk modernleşmesindeki rolünün AB otoritelerince yanlış değerlendirildiğini öngörmektedir. Bu yanlış değerlendirme sonucu, AKP otoriterleşmesi önündeki son engel de kaldırılmış oldu. Bu iddiayı desteklemek üzere, bu makale ilk önce modernist literatürde sekülerleşme teorisinin nasıl yorumlandığını ele alacak ve böylece makalenin teorik alt yapısını hazırlayacaktır. Ardından buradan çıkan bulgular postseküler eleştiri ile karşılaştırılacaktır. Bu sayede, nasıl olupta, ordu gibi hükümet üstü bir kurumun Türkiye gibi bir ülkenin seküler dönüşümünü gerçekleştirdiği masaya yatırılacaktır. İkincil olarak, makale, Türkiye’deki seküler uygulamaları incelemek için ordunun siyaset üzerinde artan denetimini ve sekülerleşme üzerindeki etkisini tartışacaktır. Son olarak, bir ve ikinci bölümden çıkan bulguların ışığında, seküler ve post-seküler teorileri de dikkate almak kaydıyla, makale, ordunun siyasetten yalıtılmasıyla paralel olarak AKP’nin tırmanan otoriter politikalarını inceleyecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, F. (1993). The making of modern Turkey. Routledge.
  • Akkoç, R. (2016, March 17). Where did it all go wrong for Turkey? The Telegraph. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/12195534/EU-Turkey-deal-Recep-Tayyip- Erdogan-Where-did-it-all-go-wrong-for-Turkey.html
  • Mustafa, A. (2015, November 10). Turkey’s authoritarian drift. The New York Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/11/opinion/turkeys-authoritarian-drift-election-erdogan.html?_r=0
  • Al-Monitor. (2015, February 13). Turkey’s mosque building diplomacy. Retrieved from: http://www.al- monitor.com/pulse/en/originals/2015/02/turkey-mosque-building-soft-power.html
  • Ahmet, A. (2015, February 2). AKP artık siyasi parti değil: Karşımızda bir gangster çetesi var. Diken. Retrieved from: http://www.diken.com.tr/ahmet-altan-akp-artik-siyasi-parti-degil-ciddi-bir-gangster-cetesiyle-karsi-karsiyayiz/
  • Arslan, B. (2016). II. Meşrutiyet’ten Cumhuriyet’e iki devrim: İki süreç. Islık.
  • Seymen, A. (2011). The Turkish example: A model for change in the Middle East? Middle East Policy, 18(3).
  • Atatürk, M. K. (1927). Nutuk. (Orjinal Metin tarihi 1932)
  • Avcı, H. (2015). Cemmatin iflası. Tekin Yayınları.
  • Aydemir, Ş. S. (1963). Tek Adam - Cilt 1. Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Aydemir, Ş. S. (1968). İkinci Adam, Book: 1-3. Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2001). Ergenekon, new pacts, and the decline of the Turkish inner state. Turkish Studies, 12(2).
  • Başbuğ, İ. (2016). 15 Temmuz öncesi ve sonrası. Doğan Kitap.
  • Başkan, B. (2010). What made Atatürk’s reforms possible? Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 21(2).
  • Başkan, F. (2010). Religious versus secular groups in the age of globalisation in Turkey. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 11(2).
  • Excerpts of Turkish army statement. (2007, 28 April). BBC News. Retrieved from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6602775.stm
  • Turkey to ban late night sales of alcohol. (2013, May 24). BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22653173
  • Turkey protests: Unrest rages in Istanbul and Ankara. (2013, June 1). BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22739423
  • Turkey protests: Erdoğan rejects EU criticism. (2013, June 8). BBC News. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22817460
  • Hollandalı Türkolog, Erdoğan’ı Protesto İçin Ödülünü İade Ediyor. (2016, May 9). BBC Türkçe.. Retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2016/05/160509_hollanda_odul_erdogan
  • Belge, M. (2016, February 15). AKP içi muhalefet. Birikim. Retrieved from: http://www.birikimdergisi.com/haftalik/7522/akp-ici-muhalefet#.WJsl8ZkjFdh
  • Berger, P. (1999). The desecularisation of the world: Resurgent religion and world politics. The Ethics and Public Policy Center.
  • Berger, P. (1967). The sacred canopy. Anchor Books.
  • Bilgiç, T. Ü. (2009). The military and Europeanization reforms in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(5).
  • Birand, M. A. (2012). Son Darbe 28 Şubat. Doğan Kitap.
  • Burak, B. (2011). The role of military in Turkish politics: To guard whom and from what? European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 4(1), 143–166.
  • Çağatay, S. (2011). Behind Turkey’s witch hunt. Newsweek. May 16, 2009. Retrieved from: http://www.newsweek.com/2009/05/15behind-turkey-s-witch-hunt.html
  • Çağatay, S. (2010). What’s really behind Turkey’s coup arrests? Foreign Policy, 25.
  • Coate, R. A., Thiel, M. (2010). Identity politics in the age of globalization. First Forum Press.
  • Cook, S. A. (2016, July 21). How Erdoğan made Turkey authoritarian again. The Atlantic. Retrieved from: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/07/how-erdogan-made-turkey-authoritarian- again/492374/
  • Turkey to open Imam Hatip schools in Turkey. (2015, December 14).. Daily Sabah Turkey Retrieved from: http://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2014/12/15/turkey-to-open-imamhatip-schools-abroad
  • Davies, N. (1996). Europe: A history. Oxford University Press.
  • Davison, A. (2003). Turkey, a ‘secular’ state?: The challenge of description. The South Atlantic Quarterly, 102(2/3).
  • Demirağ, Y. S. (2015). İmamların Öcü. Kırmızı Kedi.
  • Demirel, T. (2004). Soldiers and civilians: The dilemma of Turkish democracy. Middle Eastern Studies, 40(1).
  • Dursun, Ç. (2006). The struggle goes on: The discursive strategies of the Islamist press in Turkey. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 14(2), 161–182.
  • Esposito, J. L., and Tamimi, A. (2000). Islam and secularism in the Middle East. New York University Press.
  • Europe protests against Turkish arrests. (2016, November 5). Euronews. Retrieved from: http://www.euronews.com/2016/11/05/europe-protests-against-turkish-arrests
  • European Commission. (2000, November 8). Regular report on Turkey’s progress towards accession.
  • European Commission. (2004, May 10). Statement by Commissioner Günter Verheugen following the New Package of Reforms in Turkey.
  • Ezikoğlu, Ç. (2016, August 23). Conservative authoritarianism in Turkey. E-International Relations. Retrieved from: http://www.e-ir.info/2016/08/23/conservative-authoritarianism-in-turkey/
  • Grigoriadis, I. N. (2009). Islam and democratization in Tukey: Secularism and trust in a divided society. Democratization, 16(6), 1194–1213.
  • Güney, A., and Karatekelioğlu, P. (2005). Turkey’s EU candidacy and civil-military relations: Challenges and prospects. Armed Forces & Society, 31.
  • Gürsoy, Y. (2012). The final curtain for the Turkish armed forces? Civil–military relations in view of the 2011 general elections. Turkish Studies, 13(2).
  • Habermas, J. (2008, September 16). A post-secular society-What does that mean? Retrieved from: http://www.resetdoc.org/story/00000000926
  • Dindar Bir Gençlik Yetiştirmek İstiyoruz. (2012, February 1). Haber Türk. Retrieved from: http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/711672-dindar-bir-genclik-yetistirmek-istiyoruz-
  • Haynes, J. (2010). Politics, identity and religious nationalism in Turkey: From Atatürk to the AKP. Australian Journal of International Affairs.
  • Heper, M., and Evin, A. (1988). State, democracy and the military: Turkey in the 1980s. Walter de Gruyter.
  • Heper, M. (2011). Civil-military relations in Turkey: Toward a more liberal model? Turkish Studies, 12(2).
  • Heper, M. (2005). The European Union, the Turkish military and democracy. South European Society and Politics, 10(1).
  • Heper, M. (2005). The Justice and Development Party government and the military in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 6(2).
  • Hermann, R. (2003). Political Islam in secular Turkey. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 14(3).
  • Hurd, E. S. (2004). The political authority of secularism in international relations. European Journal of International Relations, 10(2).
  • Hurd, E. S. (2007). The politics of secularism in international relations. Princeton Studies in International Relations and Politics.
  • Police violence during Gezi Park protests unpunished, Amnesty report says. (2014, June 10). Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved from: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/police-violence-during-gezi-park-protests- unpunished-amnesty-report-says.aspx?pageID=238&nID=67611&NewsCatID=339
  • RP’li baskana hapis (1997). Hürriyet. October 10. Retrieved from: http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1997/10/10/13261.asp
  • İnan, A. (1930). Vatandaş için medeni bilgiler. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı.
  • Turkish government ‘blocks Twitter and Facebook’ as part of alleged media ban following Ankara blast (2016, March 13). Independent.. Retrieved from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/ankara- explosion-turkey-twitter-facebook-ban-a6929136.html
  • Jenkins, G. (2007). Continuity and change: Prospects for civil-military relations in Turkey. International Affairs, 83(2).
  • Jenkins, G. (2008). The Turkish military’s impact on policy. The Adelphi Papers, 2.
  • Kansu, A. (1997). The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey. İletişim.
  • Karabelias, G. (2009). The military institution, Atatürk’s principles, and Turkey’s Sisyphean quest for democracy. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(1).
  • Karagiannis, E. (2016). The new face of political Islam in Central Asia: The rise of Islamo-democrats. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 36.
  • Karaosmanoğlu, A. L. (2001). Transformations of Turkey’s civil-military relations culture and international environment. Turkish Studies, 12.
  • Karpat, K. (2010). Asker ve Siyaset. Timaş Yayınları.
  • Kaya, S. (2009). The rise and decline of the Turkey’s ‘deep state’: The Ergenekon case. Insight Turkey, 11(4). Kazancıgil, A., and Özbudun, E. (1981). Atatürk: Founder of a Modern State. C. Hurst.
  • Kuru, A. (2012). The rise and fall of military tutelage in Turkey: Fears of Islamism, Kurdism, and communism. Insight Turkey, 14(2).
  • Landau, J. M. (1984). Atatürk and the modernisation of Turkey. West-view Press/Leiden: E. J. Brill.
  • Lewis, B. (1961). The emergence of modern Turkey. Oxford University Press.
  • Mellon, J. M. (2006). Islamism, Kemalism and the future of democracy. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 7.
  • Hale, W. (1994). Turkish politics and the military. Psychology Press.
  • Büyük Operasyon. (2008, January 1). Milliyet.
  • Asker Artık Kısa Cevap Veriyor. (2011, May 30). Milliyet.
  • Mütercimler, E. (2014). Büyük Kumpas Ergenekon. Alfa Basım.
  • Nugent, N. (2007). The EU’s response to Turkey’s membership application: Not just a weighing of costs and benefits. Journal of European Integration, 29(4).
  • Oran, B. (2004). Türk Dış Politikası I. İletişim.
  • Özbudun, E. (2006). From political Islam to conservative democracy: The case of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey. South European Society and Politics, 11(3–4).
  • Özdağ, Ü. (2006). Atatürk ve İnönü döneminde ordu-siyaset ilişkileri. Bilgeoğuz.
  • Park, B. (2008). Turkey’s deep state. Rusi Journal, 153.
  • Pelt, M. (2014). Military intervention and a crisis democracy in Turkey: The Menderes era and its demise. I. B. Tauris.
  • Pope, N., and Pope, H. (1997). Turkey unveiled, Atatürk and after. London.
  • Reed, H. A. (1954). Revival of Islam in secular Turkey. Middle East Journal, 8(3).
  • Brussels: Commission of the European Community. (2004). Regular report 2004 on Turkey’s progress towards accession.
  • Rosen, S. (2005, June 26). Reforms curb Turkey’s armed forces. Washington Times.
  • Sakallıoğlu, Ü. C. (2004). Problems of democratic governance of civil-military relations in Turkey and the European Union enlargement zone. European Journal of Political Research, 43(1).
  • Sandal, N. (2013). Public theologies of human rights and citizenship: The case of Turkey’s Christians. Human Rights Quarterly, 35(3).
  • Satana, N. (2008). Transformation of the Turkish military and the path to democracy. Armed Forces & Society, 34(3).
  • Snider, D. M. (2000). An uninformed debate on military culture. Orbis, 43(1).
  • Somer, M. (2007). Moderate Islam and secularist opposition in Turkey: Implications for the world, Muslims and secular democracy. Third World Quarterly, 28.
  • Söyler, M. (2013). Informal institutions, forms of state and democracy: The Turkish deep state. Democratization, 20(2).
  • Tachau, F., and Heper, M. (1983). The state, politics, and the military in Turkey. Comparative Politics, 16(1).
  • How Erdoğan made Turkey authoritarian again.. (2016, July 21). The Atlantic Retrieved from: http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/07/how-erdogan-made-turkey-authoritarian- again/492374/
  • The Economist. (2013, June 8–14). Democrat or sultan.
  • Toktaş, Ş., and Kurt, Ü. (2010). The Turkish military’s autonomy, JDP rule and the EU reform process in the 2000s: An assessment of the Turkish version of democratic control of armed forces (DECAF). Turkish Studies, 11(3).
  • Tuncer, F. F. (2016). Avrupa Algısı ve Türkiye tartışmaları. 21. Yüzyılda Avrupa. Seçkin.
  • Turfan, N. (2000). Rise of the Young Turks: Politics, the military and Ottoman collapse. I. B. Tauris.
  • Ulusoy, K. (2008). Turkey and the EU: Democratization, civil-military relations, and the Cyprus issue. Insight Turkey, 10(4).
  • Yalçın, S. (2016, July 26). AKP Artık Ezberini Bozmalı. Sözcü. Retrieved from: http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2016/yazarlar/soner-yalcin/akp-artik-ezberini-bozmali-1329575/
  • Ziya, H. E., and Korkut, U. (2010). Political religion and politicised women in Turkey: Hegemonic republicanism revisited. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 11.
  • Zürcher, E. J. (2010). The Young Turk legacy and nation building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk’s Turkey. I. B. Tauris.
Toplam 100 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Alan Eğitimleri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hakkı Göker Önen 0000-0001-7927-0238

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 7 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 16 Sayı: Eğitim ve Toplum Özel sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Önen, H. G. (2020). Sekülarizm ve Ordu Etkisinin AKP Döneminde Türkiye-AB İlişkilerine Etkisine Yönelik Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16(Eğitim ve Toplum Özel sayısı), 6293-6317. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.720695