Comparative Analysis of Covid-19 Government Strategies in Argentina, Brazil, India, Pakistan, and Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 47, 448 - 461, 31.05.2022

Sıla Turaç Baykara , Jorge Tenorio Fernando Ricardo Daniel Furfaro Muhammad Arif Rajput

https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1060281

Öz

The aim of this research was to show how covid-19 was managed by governments across different nations – Argentina, Brazil, India, Pakistan, and Turkey – focusing on political, economic, and social aspects. Research covered the period from April 2020 to April 2021. After showing data about the pandemic, this research did an analysis of the official discourse and the measures adopted by using comparative and qualitative content analysis as methodological approach. In the research, figures were contrasted with the authorities’ measures and their outcome in terms of immunization level and number of deaths. Results demonstrated that there was a lack of coordination to follow the plans and political use of the pandemic to cover the tackling of problems awaiting resolution. Given the global extent of the covid-19 pandemic and its negative consequences, it was concluded that it would have been wise to treat it as a pan-coordination action beyond national borders instead of addressing individual countries’ interests. Such approach would have allowed to accelerate reaction and benchmark practices to achieve a faster mitigation of harmful effects, thereby saving millions of human lives, as well as preventing the devastating consequences in the economic and social realm.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Institutional Logics, Covid-19 Politics, Pandemic Management, State Policies

Kaynakça

• Akhtar, H., Afridi, M., Akhtar, S., Ahmad, H., Ali, S., Khalid, S., Awan, S.M., Jahangiri, S., Khader, Y.S. (2021). Pakistan’s response to COVID-19: Overcoming national and international hypes to fight the pandemic. JMIR Public Health Surveill, 7(5):e28517doi:10.2196/28517.
• Aldrich, H. E. and Ruef, M. (1999). Organizations evolving. London: Sage.
• Altheide, D. L., & Schneider, C. J. (2013). Qualitative media analysis (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Amis, J., & Greenwood, R. (2020). Organisational change in a (post-) pandemic world: Rediscovering interests and values. Journal of Management Studies, 58(2), 582-586.
• Amnesty International (2020) Report on Argentina. https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/americas/south-america/argentina/report-argentina/ (July 20, 2022).
• Asian development outlook (ADO), (2021). Asian development bank: Financing a green and inclusive recovery retrieved from https://www.adb.org/publications/asian-development-outlook-2021 (2021, May 26).
• Azarian, R. (2011). Potentials and limitations of comparative method in social science. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(4), 113–125.
• BBC. (2021). https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-55657237. (January 14, 2022).
• Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communication research. Glencoe: Free Press.
• Bhatt, M., Srivastava, S., Schmidt-Sane, M., & Mehta, L. (2021). Key considerations: India’s deadly second COVID-19 wave: Addressing Impacts and Building Preparedness against Future Waves’ Briefing, Brighton: Social Science in Humanitarian Action (SSHAP) https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/16718?show=full (Erişim Tarihi: May 23, 2021).
• Clarin (2021). La dura crítica del diario El País por el manejo del coronavirus en Argentina. https://www.clarin.com>sociedad (January 5, 2022).
• Coronavirus, (2021). India becomes first country in the world to report over 4 lakh new cases. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-india-becomes-first-country-in-the-world-to-report-over-400000-new-cases-on-april-30-2021/article61817889.ece. (2021, April 30).
• COVID-19 health advisory platform, ministry of national health services regulations and coordination (2021). https://covid.gov.pk/ (August 21, 2021).
• Covid-19 in India: Why second coronavirus wave is devastating. (2021, April 20). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56811315 (January 10, 2022).
• Cozza, M. et al. (2021). COVID‐19 as a breakdown in the texture of social practices. Gender, Work & Organization 28, 190-208.
• Daniyal, S., 2020. Coronavirus: Why is Pakistan doing so much better than India?. [online] Scroll.in. https://scroll.in/article/972694/coronavirus-why-is-pakistan-doing-so-much-better-than-india. (March 13, 2021).
• DW. (2021). Türkiye'de pandemi: Bir yılda neler yaşandı? https://www.dw.com/tr/t%C3%BCrkiyede-pandemi-bir-y%C4%B1lda-neler-ya%C5%9Fand%C4%B1/a-5682200 9 (December 8, 2021).
• Ehsaas. National Information Technology Board Pakistan (2021, July 13). https://www.pass.gov.pk/Detailf90ce1f7-083a-4d85-b3e8-60f75ba0d788 (July 13, 2021).
• Ertit Taştan, B., Beyzi, E. and Bakır, B. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemisi ve eş nüfuslu ülkelerin durum kıyaslaması. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 24-32. DOI: 10.52881/gsbdergi.826411.
• Folha de São Paulo (2021). Relembre o que Bolsonaro já disse sobre a pandemia, de gripezinha e país de maricas a frescura e mimimi. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2021/03/relembre-o-que-bolsonaro-ja-disse-sobre-a-pandemia-de-gripezinha-e-pais-de-maricas-a-frescura-e-mimimi.shtml. (April 5, 2021).
• Forbes Argentina (2021). Tres Investigaciones demuelen a la Argentina por el manejo de la pandemia. https://www.forbesargentina.com (July 20, 2022).
• Friedland, R. and Alford, R. R. (1991). Bringing society back in: Symbols, practices, and institutional contradictions. In DiMaggio, P. and Powell, W. W. New Institutionalisms in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p.232- 263.
• Gemelli, N. (2020). Management of Covid-19 outbreak in Argentina: The beginning. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 14(6), 815-817, doi;10.1017/dmp.2020.116.
• Grøsvik, P. F. (2021). Populism and the pandemic. Brazil’s President Jair Bolsonaro leading the country in times of COVID-19. Master's thesis, The University of Bergen. https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2767237/Master-thesis-Pernille-Fj-rtoft-Gr-svik-docx.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. (July 21, 2021).
• Harsh Vardhan says India is in the endgame of Covid-19 pandemic. (2021, March 7). Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/harsh-vardhan-says-india-is-in-the-endgame-of-covid-19-pandemic-101615128329364.html.
• Hinings, C. R & Tolbert, P.S. (2008) Organizational institutionalism and sociology: A reflection. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, Sage: London, p.473-492.
• Human Rights Watch World Report (2022). Alarming reversal of basic freedoms in Latin America. https://edit.hrw.org/world-report/2022 (January 5, 2022) .
• Jacome, I. E. B. (2020). Psicología organizacional en tiempos de la pandemia COVID-19. Dominio de las Ciencias, 6(3), 26-34.
• Johnson, M. et al (2020). Emotions, concerns and reflections regarding the Covid-19 pandemic in Argentina. Ciencia e saude coletiva, 25(1), 2447-2456. doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020256.1.10472020 .
• Merriam-Webster dictionary (2021a). Definition of coordination. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coordination#:~:text=Definition%20of%20coordination%20%20%3A%20the%20pr (February 20, 2022).
• Merriam-Webster dictionary (2021b). Definition of prefix pan. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pan (February 20, 2022).
• Ministry of Health in Turkey. (2021). Covid 19 Information Platform (2021). https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ (February 20, 2022).
• Montgomery, A. W., & Dacin, M. T. (2021). Burning down the house: COVID‐19 and institutions. Journal of Management Studies. 58(5), 1426-1430.
• Munir, K. A. (2020). Inequality in the time of corona virus. Journal of Management Studies, 58(2), 607-610.
• NIC., National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India. (October 5, 2021) retreived from https://www.mygov.in/covid-19/ (October 5, 2021).
• Pandey, G. (2021, May 9). India Covid: Kumbh mela pilgrims turn into super-spreaders. BBC News. See also Pakistan handled COVID-19 better than India: Rahul Gandhi. (2020, October 16). https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57005563.
• Pérez-Nebra, A. et al. (2021). COVID-19 and the future of work and organisational psychology. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 47(0), 1854.
• Perlman, S. (2020). Another decade, another Coronavirus. New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 760-762. Pickvance, C.G. (2001) Four varieties of comparative analysis. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 16, 7-28.
• Quint, T. (2021, April 23). In January, PM Modi Had Expressed India’s Victory Over COVID-19. https://www.thequint.com/news/india/in-january-pm-m odi-had-expressed-indias-victory-over-covid-19 (April 23. 2021).
• Soylu, Ö. B. (2020). Türkiye ekonomisinde Covid-19’un sektörel etkileri. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(6), 169-185.
• State Bank of Pakistan, 2021 PressReader.com. (n.d.). PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions. https://www.pressreader.com/pakistan/t he-pak-banker/20210602/281513639077584 (November 4, 2021).
• Sülkü, S., Coşar, K. & Tokatlıoğlu, Y. (2021). COVİD-19 süreci: Türkiye deneyimi. Sosyoekonomi 29(49), 345-372. DOI: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.03.18.
• Thornton, P. H., & Ocasio, W. (2008). Institutional logics. In: Greenwood, R.; Oliver, C.; Sahlin, K. & Suddaby, R. (Ed.). The Sage handbook of organizational institutionalism. Thousand Oaks, Sage. p.99-128.
• Thornton, P. H., Ocasio, W., & Lounsbury, M. (2012). The institutional logics perspective: A new approach to culture, structure, and process. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• United Nations. Committee for the coordination of statistical activities (2021). How Covid is changing the world: A Statistical Perspective. Volume III https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ccsa/ (January 10, 2022).
• Ventura, D. de F. L., & Reis, R. (2021). A linha do tempo da estratégia federal de disseminação da covid-19. Direitos na pandemia: mapeamento e análise das normas jurídicas de resposta à Covid-19 no Brasil. Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas de Direito Sanitário (CEPEDISA), 10, 6-31.
• World Health Organization (2021). Coronavirus dashboard - situation by region, country, territory & area. https://covid19.who.int/table. (January 20, 2022).
• World Health Organization (2020) What is Covid-19? https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19
• Worldometers (2021) Data on Argentine population https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/argentina-population/ (August 10, 2021).