Araştırma Makalesi

An Evaluation of the Web Security Posture of University Websites in Turkey: A Case Study

Cilt: 16 29 Haziran 2026
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An Evaluation of the Web Security Posture of University Websites in Turkey: A Case Study

Öz

This study assessed the web security posture of 205 universities in Turkey that had a main website as of August 23, 2025. The lack of a comprehensive study focusing on Web Application Firewall (WAF) usage and vulnerability assessment of main university websites in Turkey motivated the research. In the study, the scanning tools wafw00f and ZAP were initially used, followed by the inclusion of Mozilla’s HTTP Observatory to cross-check ZAP's findings for a more trustworthy evaluation, due to certain limitations exhibited by ZAP. In addition, an additional ZAP scan was conducted on academic staff web pages to extend the scope of the vulnerability assessment. Each tool was used in a non-intrusive way to prevent causing harm to the websites. The scans were performed using wafw00f on August 23, 2025; with ZAP between September 4 and 12, 2025; and finally with HTTP Observatory between October 3 and 4, 2025. Later, an additional ZAP scan of academic staff web pages was conducted between December 12 and 15, 2025. Only findings marked as High Confidence by ZAP were included in the evaluation to maintain scientific consistency. The results were analysed in relation to the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Top Ten 2021 and the associated risks. The findings show that many universities lack a WAF and have missing or misconfigured Content Security Policy (CSP) and Strict-Transport-Security headers. These issues fall under A05:2021 - Security Misconfiguration and may increase the risk of A03:2021 - Injection, suggesting that university web security remains vulnerable and would benefit from further improvement.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

There are no ethical issues regarding the publication of this article.

Kaynakça

  1. Adha, M., Kwa, Z. D., & Muhammad, A. H. (2023). Website security test at the University of Mataram using vulnerability assessment. JIPI (Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian dan Pembelajaran Informatika), 8(2), 647–655. https://doi.org/10.29100/jipi.v8i2.3830
  2. Altulaihan, E. A., Alismail, A., & Frikha, M. (2023). A survey on web application penetration testing. Electronics, 12(5), 1229. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051229
  3. Clincy, V., & Shahriar, H. (2018, July). Web application firewall: Network security models and configuration. In 2018 IEEE 42nd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC) (Vol. 1, pp. 835–836). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMPSAC.2018.00144
  4. Ecik, H. (2021, December). Comparison of active vulnerability scanning vs. passive vulnerability detection. In 2021 International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology (ISCTURKEY) (pp. 87–92). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCTURKEY53027.2021.9654331
  5. Fortinet. (2024). 2024 application security report. Fortinet. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.cybersecurity-insiders.com/portfolio/2024-application-security-report-fortinet/
  6. Fortinet. (2025). 2025 web application security report. Fortinet. Retrieved July 22, 2025, from https://www.fortinet.com/uk/resources/reports/application-security-report
  7. Ghanbari, Z., Rahmani, Y., Ghaffarian, H., & Ahmadzadegan, M. H. (2015, November). Comparative approach to web application firewalls. In 2015 2nd International Conference on Knowledge-Based Engineering and Innovation (KBEI) (pp. 808–812). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/KBEI.2015.7436148
  8. Macakoğlu, Ş. S., Peker, S., Medeni, İ. T., & Medeni, T. D. (2022). Türk üniversitelerinin aday öğrenci web sayfalarının erişilebilirlik, kullanılabilirlik ve güvenlik açısından değerlendirilmesi. Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 15(3), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.17671/gazibtd.1066330

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Yazılım ve Uygulama Güvenliği, Siber Güvenlik ve Gizlilik (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

29 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

30 Mart 2026

Kabul Tarihi

8 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 16

Kaynak Göster

APA
Özcüre, O. G., & Tonkal, Ö. (2026). An Evaluation of the Web Security Posture of University Websites in Turkey: A Case Study. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 16. https://doi.org/10.54370/ordubtd.1919389
AMA
1.Özcüre OG, Tonkal Ö. An Evaluation of the Web Security Posture of University Websites in Turkey: A Case Study. Ordu Üniv. Bil. Tek. Derg. 2026;16. doi:10.54370/ordubtd.1919389
Chicago
Özcüre, Osman Güray, ve Özgür Tonkal. 2026. “An Evaluation of the Web Security Posture of University Websites in Turkey: A Case Study”. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 16 (Haziran). https://doi.org/10.54370/ordubtd.1919389.
EndNote
Özcüre OG, Tonkal Ö (01 Haziran 2026) An Evaluation of the Web Security Posture of University Websites in Turkey: A Case Study. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 16
IEEE
[1]O. G. Özcüre ve Ö. Tonkal, “An Evaluation of the Web Security Posture of University Websites in Turkey: A Case Study”, Ordu Üniv. Bil. Tek. Derg., c. 16, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.54370/ordubtd.1919389.
ISNAD
Özcüre, Osman Güray - Tonkal, Özgür. “An Evaluation of the Web Security Posture of University Websites in Turkey: A Case Study”. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 16 (01 Haziran 2026). https://doi.org/10.54370/ordubtd.1919389.
JAMA
1.Özcüre OG, Tonkal Ö. An Evaluation of the Web Security Posture of University Websites in Turkey: A Case Study. Ordu Üniv. Bil. Tek. Derg. 2026;16. doi:10.54370/ordubtd.1919389.
MLA
Özcüre, Osman Güray, ve Özgür Tonkal. “An Evaluation of the Web Security Posture of University Websites in Turkey: A Case Study”. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, c. 16, Haziran 2026, doi:10.54370/ordubtd.1919389.
Vancouver
1.Osman Güray Özcüre, Özgür Tonkal. An Evaluation of the Web Security Posture of University Websites in Turkey: A Case Study. Ordu Üniv. Bil. Tek. Derg. 01 Haziran 2026;16. doi:10.54370/ordubtd.1919389