The Israel - Palestine Water Conlict Within the Framework of International Law

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 79 - 108, 01.06.2018

Hacer Sağlam Cansu

Öz

The Palestinian population living in the Occupied Palestinian Territories OPT suffers from adequate and clean water access. Access and distribution of water in these territories has been aprominent issue within the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict since 1967. The water issue stems from Israeli water policiesand practices that were imposed on Palestinians. This problem,combined with the drought in the region, exacerbates the hardshipfaced by Palestinian people. By virtue of such discriminatory policies, Israel violates both its human rights and humanitarian lawobligations by breaching the Palestinians’ water rights and confiscating their natural resources in an unlawful manner. This paperaddresses the Palestinian-Israeli water issue, which is caused byIsraeli policies, within the framework of international law

Anahtar Kelimeler

Israel-Palestine, Water Issue, The Separation Wall, International Humanitarian Law, International Human Rights Law

ULUSLARARASI HUKUK ÇERÇEVESİNDE İSRAİL FİLİSTİN SU SORUNU

Öz

İşgal altındaki Filistin topraklarında yaşayan Filistin nüfusu yeterli ve temiz suya ulaşımdasorun yaşamaktadır. Bölgede suya erişim ve suyun dağılımı, 1967’den beri İsrail-Filistinçatışması bağlamında sorun olmuştur. Su sorunu, bölgede yaşanan kuraklığa ek olarak İsrail’in Filistinlilere uyguladığı su politikalarından kaynaklanmaktadır. İsrail, ayrımcı temeldeuyguladığı bu politikalarla, Filistinlilerin su hakkını gasp ettiği ve doğal kaynaklarına hukuka aykırı bir şekilde el koyduğu için hem insan hakları hem de insani hukuka ilişkin yükümlülükleri ihlal etmektedir. Bu çalışma, İsrail politikalarının neden olduğu Filistin-İsrailsu sorununu uluslararası hukuk çerçevesinde ele almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İsrail-Filistin, Su Sorunu, Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk, Uluslararası

Kaynakça

• Amnesty International (2009). Troubled Waters-Palestinians Denied Fairs Access to Water. Londra.
• Benvenisti, Eyal. (1992). The Applicability of Human Rights Conventions to Israel and to the Occupied Territories. Israel Law Review. 26. 1, 24-35.
• Carol Schachet, Carol. (2014). Troubled Waters Fact Sheet: Water Injustice in Palestine, Boston: Glassroots International.
• Center for Economic and Social Rights (2003). The Right to Water in Palestine: A Background. New York.
• Diakonia IHL Resource Centre (2011). Israel’s Administrative Destruction of Cisterns in Area C of the West Bank. Sweden.
• Dolatyar, Mostafa ve Gray, Tim S. (2000). Water Politics in the Middle East: A Context for Conflict or Co-operation?. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
• El Zein, Rayya. (2017). Developing a Palestinian Resistance Economy through Agricultural Labor. Journal of Palestine Studies. 46. 3, 7-26.
• Eminoğlu, Ayça. (2017). Orta Doğu’da Sınır Aşan Sular. Demir, Sertif ve Bingöl, Oktay (Ed.). Yeni Ortadoğu: Aktörler, Dinamikler ve Denge Arayışları içinde. Ankara: Barış Kitabevi, 375-403.
• Fathallah, Raed Mounir. (1996). Water Disputes in the Middle East: An International Law Analysis of the Israel-Jordan Peace Accord. Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law. 12. 1, 119-159.
• Human Rights Watch (13 Mayıs 2010). I Lost Everything Israel’s Unlawful Destruction of Property during Operation Cast Lead. New York.
• Isaac, Jad ve Hilal, Jane (2011). Palestinian Landscape and the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 68. 4, 413-429.
• Kılıç, Seyfi (2011). Bağımsız Filistin Devleti ve Su Sorunu. Ortadoğu Analiz, 3. 34, 35- 40.
• Koek, Elisabeth (2013). Water for One People Only: Discriminatory Access and ‘Water- Apartheid’ in the OPT. Ramallah: Al-Haq.
• Lazarou, Elena (2016). Water in the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict. European Parliamentary Research Service.
• Malone, Andrew R. (2004). Water Now: The Impact of Israel’s Security Fence on Palestinian Water Rights and Agriculture in the West Bank. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 36. 2, 639-671.
• Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (2017). Palestine in Figures 2016. Ramallah.
• Pamukçu, Konuralp (2003). İsrail-Türkiye İlişkilerinde Yeni Bir Boyut: Su. İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi. 29. 45-61.
• Tanzi, Attila ve Arcari, Maurizio. (2001). The UN Convention on the Law of International Watercourses: A Framework for Sharing. 5. The Hague: Brill Nijhoff.
• Trottier, Julie (2007). A Wall, Water and Power: The Israeli ‘Separation Fence’. Review of International Studies. 33. 1, 105-127.
• Who Profits (2012). “Made in Israel”: Agricultural Export from Occupied Territories. Tel Aviv.
• World Bank (2009). West Bank and Gaza - Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development. Washington DC. Online Kaynaklar
• Al Mezan Centre for Human Rights (2009). Cast Lead Offensive in Numbers. Gazze. http://www.mezan.org/en/uploads/files/8941.pdf (18 Nisan 2018).
• Arnavut, Abdurrauf ve Zukan, Lubabe. (9 Şubat 2018). İsrail’in Duvarları Filistinlileri Birbirinden Ayırıyor. Anadolu Ajansı, https://aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/israilin- duvarlari-filistinlileri-birbirinden-ayiriyor/1058750 (18 Nisan 2018).
• Beit Sourik Village Council v. The Government of Israel, HCJ 2056/04, Israel: Supreme Court, 30 Mayıs 2004, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl- nat.nsf/39a82e2ca42b52974125673e00508144/09d47365bd007706c12575c 20046ec2a?openDocument (17 Nisan 2018).
• Briggs, Ari. (30 Temmuz 2012). Beware Ottoman Land Law . The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Beware-Ottoman-land-law-410708 (19 Nisan 2018).
• Corradin, Camilla. (23 Haziran 2016). Israel: Water as a tool to dominate Palestinians. Al-Jazeera. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/israel- water-tool-dominate-palestinians-160619062531348.html (27 Mart 2018).
• Hass, Amira. (10 Eylül 2012). Someone Tell the Palestinians: It’s the Occupation, Stupid . Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/amira-hass-it-s-the-occupation- stupid-1.5158949 (17 Nisan 2018).
• HCPR, Review of the Applicability of ınternational Humanitarian Law to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, 2004, https://web.stanford.edu/group/scai/images/harvardreview.pdf (20 Mart 2018).
• Hertz, Elie E. (22 Ocak 2014). Inappropriate Use of the Fourth Geneva Convention. Arutz Sheva. https://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/14420 (6 Nisan 2018).
• Sanchez, Raf. (18 Ocak 2018). Israel Unveils Plans for 40-mile Underground Wall Around Gaza. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/18/israel-unveils-plans-40-mile- underground-wall-around-gaza/ (18 Nisan 2018).
• Shakir, Laith. (25 Haziran 2015). Think California’s Drought Is Bad? Try Palestine’s. Institute for Policy Studies. http://www.ips-dc.org/think-californias-drought-is- bad-try-palestines/ (20 Nisan 2018).
• State of Israel Water Authority (Mart 2009). The Issue of Water between Israel and thePalestinians.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Res ources/IsraelWaterAuthorityresponse.pdf (28 Nisan 2018). BM Dökümanları
• International Committee of the Red Cross, Implementation of the Fourth Geneva Convention in the occupied Palestinian territories: history of a multilateral process (1997-2001), 2002, https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/other/5fldpj.htm
• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Fourth Geneva Convention), 12 Ağustos 1949, 75 UNTS 287, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36d2.html
• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977, 1125 UNTS 3, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36b4.html
• International Conferences (The Hague), Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and Its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 18 Ekim 1907, http://www.refworld.org/docid/4374cae64.html
• Peace Agreements & Related, Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (Oslo II), 28 September1995, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3de5ebbc0.html
• UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Concluding Observations, Israel, 26 June 2003, E/C.12/1/Add.90, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3f242abc7.html
• UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant), 20 January 2003, E/C.12/2002/11, http://www.refworld.org/docid/4538838d11.html
• UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Concluding observations: Canada, 10 June 1993, E/C.12/1993/5, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ae638.html
• UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3aa0.html
• UN General Assembly, The Human Right to Water and Sanitation: Resolution / Adopted by the General Assembly, 3 August 2010, A/RES/64/292, http://www.refworld.org/docid/4cc926b02.html
• UN General Assembly, Applicability of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949, to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the other occupied Arab territories, 9 August 2016, A/71/321, http://www.refworld.org/docid/57e12b314.html
• UN General Assembly, Economic and social repercussions of the Israeli occupation on the living conditions of the Palestinian people in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and of the Arab population in the occupied Syrian Golan, 23 May 2017, A/72/90–E/2017/71, http://www.refworld.org/docid/594127484.html
• UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3aa0.html
• UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Occupied Palestinian Territory: Gaza Strip: WASH damage and estimated number of people with no access to clean water (5 Sept. 2014) 5 September 2014, http://www.refworld.org/docid/542533714.html
• United Nations, Applicability of International Law to Palestinians in Occupied Territory Reaffirmed at International Meeting in Vienna, 2011, https://www.un.org/press/en/2011/gapal1186.doc.htm
• United Nations, Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C33006 1D253