<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>paüefd</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1301-0085</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1309-0275</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Pamukkale Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.9779/pauefd.1619827</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Special Education and Disability (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Özel Eğitim ve Engelli Eğitimi (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>R-Based Quantitative Computational Text Analysis Tool for Clinical Reading Assessment in Turkish</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Türkçe Klinik Okuma Değerlendirmesi için R Tabanlı Nicel Hesaplamalı Metin Analizi Aracı</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5919-8072</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Özer</surname>
                                    <given-names>Esmehan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KIRIKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9129-2229</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Acar Ünalgan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Sema</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İZMİR BAKIRÇAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7739-8676</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Artuvan Korkmaz</surname>
                                    <given-names>Hazal</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ANKARA TIP FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-5944</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Temeltürk</surname>
                                    <given-names>Rahime Duygu</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ANKARA TIP FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2925-4146</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Aydın</surname>
                                    <given-names>Özgür</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260420">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>20</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>0</volume>
                                        <issue>66</issue>
                                        <fpage>329</fpage>
                                        <lpage>345</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250114">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20251029">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>29</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1996, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1996</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study aims to develop a computational text analysis tool based on R programming environment to evaluate the quantitative linguistic characteristics of texts used in the clinical assessment of reading skills, and to test newly created texts using this tool. In this context, the narrative text “Double Surprise” and the informative text “Starfish” were written by researchers at three different levels of linguistic and structural complexity. Quantitative parameters such as orthographic similarity (OLD-20), bigram frequency, word frequency, morphological complexity, and readabilityin total six tests were calculated using relevant R packages (“tidytext,” “vwr,” and “strngram” packages). Texts M2a and M2b were determined to be clustered closest texts in terms of linguistic parameters. Thus, quantitative criteria related to the texts to be used in the assessment of reading skills were established and a text analysis tool was developed in the R language for the first time in Turkish, in addition; the produced texts were tested using this developed tool. The study provides a data-driven and reproducible method for quantitative text evaluation and contributes to Turkish reading materials for research and diagnostic applications.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Bu çalışma, okuma becerilerinin klinik değerlendirmesinde kullanılan metinlerin nicel dilbilimsel özelliklerini değerlendirmek üzere R programlama dili temelli bilgisayar destekli bir metin analiz aracı geliştirmek ve bu araçla yeni oluşturulan metinleri test etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, araştırmacılar tarafından anlatı metni “Çifte Sürpriz” ve bilgilendirici metin “Deniz Yıldızları”, dilbilimsel ve yapısal karmaşıklık açısından üç farklı düzeyde yazılmıştır. Ortografik benzerlik (OLD-20), bigram sıklığı, sözcük sıklığı, morfolojik karmaşıklık ve okunabilirlik gibi nicel parametreler, ilgili R paketleri (“tidytext”, “vwr” ve “strngram” paketleri) kullanılarak toplam altı testte hesaplanmıştır. M2a ve M2b metinlerinin, dilbilimsel parametreler açısından birbirine en yakın metinler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Böylelikle, okuma becerilerinin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılacak metinlere ilişkin nicel kriterler belirlenmiş ve Türkçede ilk kez R dilinde bir metin analiz aracı geliştirilmiş; ayrıca, üretilen metinler bu geliştirilen araç kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Çalışma, nicel metin değerlendirmesi için veriye dayalı ve tekrarlanabilir bir yöntem sunarak araştırma ve tanılama uygulamaları için Türkçe okuma materyallerine katkı sağlamaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Okuma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  anlatı metni</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  bilgilendirici metin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  metin benzerliği</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  metin okunabilirliği</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Reading</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  narrative text</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  informative text</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  text similarity</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  text readability</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">TÜBİTAK</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                            <award-id>122K308</award-id>
                                            </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Andrews, S. (1997). The effect of orthographic similarity on lexical retrieval: Resolving neighborhood conflicts. Psychonomic Bulletin &amp; Review, 4(4), 439-461. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214334</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arnold, T., Ballier, N., Lissón, P., &amp; Tilton, L. (2019). Beyond lexical frequencies: Using R for text analysis in the digital humanities. Language Resources and Evaluation, 53(4), 707 733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09456-6</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ateşman, E. (1997). Türkçede okunabilirliğin ölçülmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Türkçe ve Yabancı Dil Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Dil Dergisi, 58, 171-174.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aziz, A., Fook, C. Y., &amp; Alsree, Z. (2010). Computational text analysis: A more comprehensive approach to determine readability of reading materials. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 1(2), 200-219. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.1n.2p.200</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Başaran, M. ve Ayol, H. (2009). Okuduğunu anlama ve metne karşı geliştirilen tutum üzerinde metnin bilgi verici veya hikâye edici olmasının etkisi. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.12780/UUSBD41</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baştuğ, M. (2012). İlköğretim I. kademe öğrencilerinin akıcı okuma becerilerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Investigation of primary school first stage students’ reading fluency skills in terms of certain variables] (Tez Numarası: 311007) [Doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bezirci, B. ve Yılmaz, A. E. (2010). Metinlerin okunabilirliğinin ölçülmesi üzerine bir yazilim kütüphanesi ve Türkçe için yeni bir okunabilirlik ölçütü. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 12(3), 49-62.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Borleffs, E., Maassen, B. A. M., Lyytinen, H., &amp; Zwarts, F. (2019). Cracking the code: The impact of orthographic transparency and morphological-syllabic complexity on reading and developmental dyslexia. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02534</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Carlisle, J. F. (2000). Awareness of the structure and meaning of morphologically complex words: Impact on reading. Reading and Writing, 12(3), 169-190. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008131926604</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çetinkaya, G. (2010). Türkçe metinlerin okunabilirlik düzeylerinin tanımlanması ve sınıflandırılması [Identifying and classifying the readability levels of the Turkish texts] (Tez Numarası: 265580) [Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çetinkaya, G. ve Uzun, L. (2010). Türkçe ders kitaplarındaki metinlerin okunabilirlik özellikleri. H. Ülper (Ed.), Türkçe ders kitabı çözümlemeleri (4, 141-153) içinde.  Pegem Akademi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Duran, E. ve Kargın, T. (2022). Okuma yazma eğitiminde güncel konular: Ne çalışmalı, nasıl çalışmalı?. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 51(235), 1859-1876. https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.886879</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erten, B., Bozşahin, C., &amp; Zeyrek, D. (2014). Turkish resources for visual word recognition. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC&#039;14) (pp. 2106-2110). European Language Resources Association (ELRA).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Flesch, R. (1948). A new readability yardstick. Journal of Applied Psychology, 32(3), 221 233. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057532</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Güneş, F. (2013). Türkçede metin öğretimi yerine metinle öğrenme. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11, 603-637. https://doi.org/10.14520/adyusbd.454</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hamzadayı, E. ve Batmaz, Ö. (2022). Okuduğunu anlamayı etkileyen etmenlere yönelik bir inceleme. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 23(2), 190-209. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.1105439</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hebert, M., Bohaty, J. J., Nelson, J. R., &amp; Brown, J. (2016). The effects of text structure instruction on expository reading comprehension: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 108(5), 609-629. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000082</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hoover, W. A., &amp; Gough, P. B. (1990). The simple view of reading. Reading and Writing, 2(2), 127-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00401799</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kassambara, A. (2023). rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests. R package version 0.7.2. https://rpkgs.datanovia.com/rstatix/.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Keuleers, E. (2013). _vwr: Useful functions for visual word recognition research_. R package version 0.3.0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vwr</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kirkgöz, Y., &amp; Ünaldi, I. (2012). Coh-metrix: Introduction and validation of an online tool for text analysis. Çukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 41(2), 1-17.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kucer, S. B. (2014). Dimensions of literacy: A conceptual base for teaching reading and writing in school settings. Routledge.
Kumar, A., &amp; Paul, A. (2016). Mastering text mining with R. Packt Publishing Ltd.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kwartler, T. (2017). Text mining in practice with R. John Wiley &amp; Sons.
Levesque, K. C., Breadmore, H. L., &amp; Deacon, S. H. (2021). How morphology impacts reading and spelling: Advancing the role of morphology in models of literacy development. Journal of Research in Reading, 44(1), 10-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12313</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liu, Y., Groen, M. A., &amp; Cain, K. (2024). The association between morphological awareness and reading comprehension in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 42, 100571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100571</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2019). Türkçe Dersi Öğretim Programı (ilkokul ve ortaokul 1-8. sınıflar).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2021). Ders kitaplarında okunabilirlik. Ders Kitapları ve Öğretim Materyalleri Daire Başkanlığı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (2023). Taslak ders kitabı ve eğitim araçları ile bunlara ait elektronik içeriklerin incelenmesinde değerlendirmeye esas olacak kriterler ve açıklamaları. Talim ve Terbiye Kurulu Başkanlığı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mouselimis, L. (2021). textTinyR: Text Processing for Small or Big Data Files}, R package version 1.1.8. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=textTinyR.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Muncer, S. J., Knight, D., &amp; Adams, J. W. (2014). Bigram frequency, number of syllables and morphemes and their effects on lexical decision and word naming. Journal of Psycholinguist Research, 43, 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-013-9252-8</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mutlu, M. U., Yetimaslan, N., &amp; Atagün, İ. (2021). Dizge: The grammar analyzer for Turkish. https://github.com/dizge</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">New, B., Ferrand, L., Pallier, C., &amp; Brysbaert, M. (2006). Reexamining the word length effect in visual word recognition: New evidence from the English Lexicon Project. Psychonomic Bulletin &amp; Review, 13(1), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193811</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Perfetti, C. A. (1999). Comprehending written language: A blueprint of the reader. In C. Brown &amp; P. Hagoort (Eds.), The neurocognition of language (pp. 167-208). Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Perfetti, C. (2012). Thru but not wisht: Language, writing, and universal reading theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(5), 299-300. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X12000234</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pilav, S. ve Oğuz, M. (2013). Türkçe ders kitaplarında yer alan metin türleri üzerine bir araştırma. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), 16-30.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movements and attention in reading, scene perception, and visual search. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(8), 1457 1506. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210902816461</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rayner, K., &amp; Reichle, E. D. (2010). Models of the reading process. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(6), 787-799. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.68</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rayner, K., Slattery, T. J., Drieghe, D., &amp; Liversedge, S. P. (2011). Eye movements and word skipping during reading: Effects of word length and predictability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37(2), 514-528. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020990</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">R Core Team (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Santangelo, D. M. (2023). The influence of bigram frequency on naming speed: A meta-analysis. [Master&#039;s thesis, The Florida State University].</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schmalz, X., &amp; Mulatti, C. (2017). Busting a myth with the Bayes factor: Effects of letter bigram frequency in visual lexical decision do not reflect reading processes. The Mental Lexicon, 12(2), 263-282. https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.17009.sch</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Silge, J., &amp; David, R. (2016). tidytext: Text mining and analysis using tidy data principles in r. JOSS, 1 (3). https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00037</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">van Heuven, W. (2024). _strngrams: ngram functions_. R package version 0.3.6. https://github.com/waltervanheuven/strngrams</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Verhoeven, L., &amp; Perfetti, C. A. (2011). Morphological processing in reading acquisition: A cross-linguistic perspective. Applied Psycholinguistics, 32(3), 457 466. https://doi.org/10.1017/S014271641 1000154</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wickham, H., François, R., Henry, L., Müller, K., &amp; Vaughan, D. (2023). dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. R package version 1.1.4. https://dplyr.tidyverse.org.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wickham, H. (2014). Tidy data. Journal of Statistical Software 59(1), 1 23. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v059.i10.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yap, M. J., &amp; Balota, D. A. (2015). Visual word recognition. In A. Pollatsek &amp; R. Treiman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of reading (pp. 26-43). Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldız, M. (2013). Okuma motivasyonu, akıcı okuma ve okuduğunu anlamanın beşinci sınıf öğrencilerinin akademik başarılarındaki rolü. International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(4), 1461-1478.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yarkoni, T., Balota, D., &amp; Yap, M. (2008). Moving beyond Coltheart’s N: A new measure of orthographic similarity. Psychonomic Bulletin &amp; Review, 15(5), 971 979. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.15.5.971</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zevin, J. (2009). Word recognition. In L. R. Squire (Ed.), Encyclopedia of neuroscience (pp. 517-522). Academic Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
