BibTex RIS Cite

Year 2011, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 71 - 90, 01.04.2011

Çiğdem Üstün

Abstract

References

  • US Department of Energy, US Energy Information Administration- Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, International Energy Outlook 2010, July 2010, p. 11. 2 Ibid.
  • M. Burak İzgi, Hazar Havzası Enerji Kaynaklarının Ulaştırılmasında Türkiye’nin Rolü, Unpublished M.A. Thesis, T.C. Ufuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı, 2010, p. 36.
  • Annalisa D’Orazio and Clara Poletti, “The Italian Energy Policy: Changing Priorities”, European Review of Energy Markets, Vol. 3, No. 1 (April 2009), p. 24. 5 Ibid, p. 9.
  • Carlo Comaschi, Enzo Di Giulio and Eleonora Sormani, “Natural Gas Demand and Supply in Italy”, The 2007 International Conference of the System Dynamics Society and 50th Anniversay Celebration, July 29 - August 2007, Boston:USA, at http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2007/proceed/ papers/DI%20GI219.pdf [last visited 21 January 2011].
  • D’Orazio and Poletti, “The Italian Energy Policy: Changing Priorities”, p. 22.
  • Comaschi, Giulio and Sormani, “Natural Gas Demand and Supply in Italy”.
  • Domenico Dispenza, “International Pipelines Across the Mediterranean”, International Energy Agency, Cross Border Gas Trade Issues Workshop, Paris, 26 March 2002.
  • “Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Italy 2003 Review”, OECD/International Energy Agency, 2003, p. 9.
  • “Regasification- LNG, Annual Reports”, ENI S.p.A, at http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/ENI_S.p.A._ (E)/Regasification%20Lng [last visited 12 March 2011].
  • Mark H. Hayes, “Algerian Gas to Europe: The TRANSMED Pipeline and Early Spanish Gas Import Projects”, Geopolitcs of Gas Working Paper Series, No 27, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy Energy Forum, May 2004, p. 6.
  • Comaschi, Giulio and Sormani, “Natural Gas Demand and Supply in Italy”.
  • ENI is the Italian integrated energy company. General Italian Oil Agency (AGIP) was the main energy company in Italy before the Second World War. However, when Enrico Mattei was appointed as the Special Administrator to AGIP after the war, AGIP was closed down and Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI) was established in 1953 to cover oil and gas exploration, production, transportation and marketing.
  • Hayes, “Algerian Gas to Europe: The TRANSMED Pipeline and Early Spanish Gas Import Projects”, p. 9. 16 Ibid., p. 24.
  • Dispenza, “International Pipelines across the Mediterranean”.
  • Natalino Ronzitti, “The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya: New Prospects for Cooperation in theMediterranean?”, Bulletin of Italian Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2009), p. 126.
  • Comaschi, Giulio and Sormani, “Natural Gas Demand and Supply in Italy”.
  • Giacomo Luciani and Maria Rita Mazzanti, “Italian Energy Policy: The Quest for More Competition and Supply Security”, International Spectator, Vol. 41, No. 3 (July- September 2006), p. 76.
  • Mark H. Hayes and David G. Victor, “Politics, Markets, and the Shift to Gas: Insights from Seven Historical Case Studies”, in David G. Victor, et al (eds.), Natural Gas and Geopolitics From 1970 to 2004, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 321.
  • Dispenza, “International Pipelines across the Mediterranean”.
  • Jonathan Stern, “Security of European Natural Gas Supplies, The Impact of Import Dependence and Liberalization”, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, July 2002, p. 12. 24 Ibid p. 6.
  • John Roberts, “The Turkish Gate: Energy Transit and Security Issues”, in Micheal Emerson and Senem Baykal (eds.), Turkey in Europe Monitor, Brussels, CEPS, Januray 2004- February 2005, p. 112 .
  • Terence Adams, “Caspian Energy Development”, in Shirin Akiner (ed.), The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security, London, Routledge Curzon, 2005, p. 102.
  • Selma Stern, “Turkey’s Energy and Foreign Policy”, Globalization, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2003).
  • Ertan Efegil, “Turkey’s Energy Policy and EU’s Energy Needs”, at www.atlanterhavskomiteen.no/files/ atlanterhavskomiteen.no/.../ertan.doc [last visited 16 June 2011].
  • Gani Nasirov, “Energy Projects in Perspective of Turkey’s Energy Policy: The Case of the Caspian Basin Oil & Gas”, at http://www.energyresearches.org/articles/articles/85-articles/194-energy-projects-in- perspective-of-turkeys-energy-policy-the-case-of-the-caspian-basin-oil-a-gas.html [last visited 18 June 2011].
  • Yusuf Yazar and Hasan Hüseyin Erkaya, “Whither Turkey’s Energy Policy?”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 9, No. 4 (October- December 2007).
  • Taner Yıldız, “Turkey’s Energy Economy and Future Energy Vision”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Summer 2010), p. 16.
  • Gülnur Aybet, “Turkey’s Energy Politics: Neither East or West”, at http://www.wilsoncenter. org/index.cfm?topic_id=109941&fuseaction=topics.events&themonth=9&n_owner_ id=546092&theyear=2009 [last visited 11 August 2011].
  • Roberts, “The Turkish Gate: Energy Transit and Security Issues”, p. 98.
  • Stern, “Security of European Natural Gas Supplies, The Impact of Import Dependence and Liberalization”, p. 16.
  • Roberts, “The Turkish Gate: Energy Transit and Security Issues”, p. 112. 36 Ibid.
  • Stern, “Turkey’s Energy and Foreign Policy”. 38 Ibid.
  • Alaeddin Yalçınkaya, Kafkasya’da Siyasi Gelişmeler- Etnik Düğümden Küresel Kördüğüme, Ankara, Lalezar Kitabevi, 2006.
  • Süha Bölükbaşı, “Jokeying for Power in the Caspian Basin”, in Shirin Akiner (ed.), The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security, London, Routledge Curzon, 2005.
  • Roberts, “The Turkish Gate: Energy Transit and Security Issues”, p. 112. 42 Ibid, p. 98.
  • Nasirov, “Energy Projects in Perspective of Turkey’s Energy Policy: The Case of the Caspian Basin Oil & Gas”.
  • Mehmet Öğütçü, “Caspian Energy Poker Game and Turkey: Prospects for a New Approach”, at http:// www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/journal/html/vol8/article8-5.html [last visited 25 August 2011]. 45 Ibid.
  • Yalçınkaya, Kafkasya’da Siyasi Gelişmeler- Etnik Düğümden Küresel Kördüğüme.
  • Adams, “Caspian Energy Development”, p. 101.
  • Blue Stream, at http://www.gazprom.com/production/projects/pipelines/blue-stream/ [last visited 26 July 2011].
  • Richard Melson, “Russia’s Putin Goes to Turkey for Opening of Blue Stream Gas Pipeline”, at http:// www.cambridgeforecast.org/MIDDLEEAST/RUSSIA-TURKEY.html [last visited 5 August 2011].
  • Trans Anatolian Pipeline Project, at http://www.iea.org/work/2006/energy_security/Cavanna.pdf [last visited 12 January 2011].
  • Interview with Nikolay Tokarev, at http://www.russiaenergy.com/index.php#state=InterviewDetail&i d=636 [last visited 14 March 2011].
  • Vladimir Socor, “Samsun-Ceyhan Pipeline Project Designed to Divert Kazakhstani Oil”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 6, No. 195 (23 October 2009), at http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35645&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=27&cHash=ced57069b1 [last visited 5 February 2011].
  • Trans Anatolian Pipeline Project, at http://www.iea.org/work/2006/energy_security/Cavanna.pdf [last visited 12 January 2011].
  • Socor, “Samsun-Ceyhan Pipeline Project Designed to Divert Kazakhstani Oil”.
  • Şaban Kardaş, “Russia Joins the Samsun-Ceyhan Pipeline”, at http://eurodialogue.org/Russia-Joins- The-Samsun-Ceyhan-Pipeline [last visited 15 July 2011].
  • “Turkey’s Energy Policy - Too Often a Year too Late”, at http://ibsresearch.com/content/turkeys- energy-policy-too-often-year-too-late [last visted 23 June 2011].
  • Interview with Nikolay Tokarev.
  • “Interconnection Turkey Greece Italy (ITGI) Pipeline”, at http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/ projects/turkeygreeceitalypip/ [last visited 18 March 2011].
  • European Commission, External Relations, Prague Summit Southern Corridor, 8 May 2009 at http:// www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/misc/107598.pdf [last visited 18 March 2011].
  • “Interconnection Turkey Greece Italy (ITGI) Pipeline”, at http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/ projects/turkeygreeceitalypip/ [last visited 18 March 2011].
  • Roberto Poti, quoted in “ITGI Pipeline: EDISON, DEPA, and BOTAŞ Sign Agreement for the Transit in Turkey”, at http://www.edison.it/en/media/press-releases/2010-06-17-itgi-pipeline-edison- depa-and-botas-sign-agreement-for-the-transit-in-turkey.shtml [last visited 12 April 2011].
  • Gary Lakes, “Greece and Italy Promote ITGI Gas Pipeline as Best Start to Southern Corridor”, at http://www.erpic.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=258-%3Agreece-and-italy- promote-itgi-gas-pipeline-as-best-start-to-southern-corridor&catid= 84%3Amarch-2010&Itemid=79 [last visited 25 March 2011].
  • Vasileios Tsompanopoulos, “The Gas Corridor through Turkey, Greece and Italy (ITGI)”, Presentation at WEC Regional Meeting, İstanbul, 17 October 2008, at www.worldenergy.org/documents/8._ vasileios_tsompanopoulos.ppt [last visited 9 March 2011].
  • European Commission, External Relations, Prague Summit Southern Corridor, 8 May 2009.
  • “ITGI Pipeline: EDISON, DEPA, and BOTAŞ Sign Agreement for the Transit in Turkey”, at http://www.edison.it/en/media/press-releases/2010-06-17-itgi-pipeline-edison-depa-and-botas-sign- agreement-for-the-transit-in-turkey.shtml [last visited 12 April 2011].
  • Kostis Geropoulos, “Greece Throws its Support behind ITGI in Pipeline Race”, New Europe, 24 October 2010, at http://www.neurope.eu/articles/103354.php [last visited 21 December 2010].
  • “Italy’s Edison Promotes Cheaper Version of Nabucco”, Euractiv, 27 April 2010 at http://www. euractiv.com/en/energy/italy-s-edison-promotes-cheaper-version-nabucco-news-485149 [last visited 16 December 2010].
  • Lakes, “Greece and Italy Promote ITGI Gas Pipeline as Best Start to Southern Corridor”.
  • Comaschi, Giulio and Sormani, “Natural Gas Demand and Supply in Italy”.

Energy Cooperation between Import Dependent Countries: Cases of Italy and Turkey

Year 2011, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 71 - 90, 01.04.2011

Çiğdem Üstün

Abstract

As energy dependency increases in Europe, Turkey and Italy found it necessary to cooperate on pipeline projects to secure Europe’s energy supply and to increase their role as transit countries in the Mediterranean and southeast Europe. At the end of the 1990s Italian and Turkish energy companies started to collaborate on such projects as Blue Stream, SamsunCeyhan, and Interconnector Turkey-GreeceItaly ITGI . In these pipeline projects- both crude oil and natural gas- Russia has been a major player since it is one of the main energyproducing countries in the region and has a significant role in the energy policies of other energy-producing countries in the Caspian and the Caucasus. However, the competition among the regional countries in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean has decreased the effectiveness of the collaborative projects of Italy and Turkey. Thus it is argued that there is an urgent need for cooperation at the regional level- especially between Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, Ukraine and Moldova- in order to secure the energy supply, and to diversify the routes and resources

Keywords

EU energy dependency regional cooperation energy production consuming and transit countries.

References

  • US Department of Energy, US Energy Information Administration- Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, International Energy Outlook 2010, July 2010, p. 11. 2 Ibid.
  • M. Burak İzgi, Hazar Havzası Enerji Kaynaklarının Ulaştırılmasında Türkiye’nin Rolü, Unpublished M.A. Thesis, T.C. Ufuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı, 2010, p. 36.
  • Annalisa D’Orazio and Clara Poletti, “The Italian Energy Policy: Changing Priorities”, European Review of Energy Markets, Vol. 3, No. 1 (April 2009), p. 24. 5 Ibid, p. 9.
  • Carlo Comaschi, Enzo Di Giulio and Eleonora Sormani, “Natural Gas Demand and Supply in Italy”, The 2007 International Conference of the System Dynamics Society and 50th Anniversay Celebration, July 29 - August 2007, Boston:USA, at http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2007/proceed/ papers/DI%20GI219.pdf [last visited 21 January 2011].
  • D’Orazio and Poletti, “The Italian Energy Policy: Changing Priorities”, p. 22.
  • Comaschi, Giulio and Sormani, “Natural Gas Demand and Supply in Italy”.
  • Domenico Dispenza, “International Pipelines Across the Mediterranean”, International Energy Agency, Cross Border Gas Trade Issues Workshop, Paris, 26 March 2002.
  • “Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Italy 2003 Review”, OECD/International Energy Agency, 2003, p. 9.
  • “Regasification- LNG, Annual Reports”, ENI S.p.A, at http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/ENI_S.p.A._ (E)/Regasification%20Lng [last visited 12 March 2011].
  • Mark H. Hayes, “Algerian Gas to Europe: The TRANSMED Pipeline and Early Spanish Gas Import Projects”, Geopolitcs of Gas Working Paper Series, No 27, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy Energy Forum, May 2004, p. 6.
  • Comaschi, Giulio and Sormani, “Natural Gas Demand and Supply in Italy”.
  • ENI is the Italian integrated energy company. General Italian Oil Agency (AGIP) was the main energy company in Italy before the Second World War. However, when Enrico Mattei was appointed as the Special Administrator to AGIP after the war, AGIP was closed down and Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI) was established in 1953 to cover oil and gas exploration, production, transportation and marketing.
  • Hayes, “Algerian Gas to Europe: The TRANSMED Pipeline and Early Spanish Gas Import Projects”, p. 9. 16 Ibid., p. 24.
  • Dispenza, “International Pipelines across the Mediterranean”.
  • Natalino Ronzitti, “The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya: New Prospects for Cooperation in theMediterranean?”, Bulletin of Italian Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2009), p. 126.
  • Comaschi, Giulio and Sormani, “Natural Gas Demand and Supply in Italy”.
  • Giacomo Luciani and Maria Rita Mazzanti, “Italian Energy Policy: The Quest for More Competition and Supply Security”, International Spectator, Vol. 41, No. 3 (July- September 2006), p. 76.
  • Mark H. Hayes and David G. Victor, “Politics, Markets, and the Shift to Gas: Insights from Seven Historical Case Studies”, in David G. Victor, et al (eds.), Natural Gas and Geopolitics From 1970 to 2004, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 321.
  • Dispenza, “International Pipelines across the Mediterranean”.
  • Jonathan Stern, “Security of European Natural Gas Supplies, The Impact of Import Dependence and Liberalization”, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, July 2002, p. 12. 24 Ibid p. 6.
  • John Roberts, “The Turkish Gate: Energy Transit and Security Issues”, in Micheal Emerson and Senem Baykal (eds.), Turkey in Europe Monitor, Brussels, CEPS, Januray 2004- February 2005, p. 112 .
  • Terence Adams, “Caspian Energy Development”, in Shirin Akiner (ed.), The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security, London, Routledge Curzon, 2005, p. 102.
  • Selma Stern, “Turkey’s Energy and Foreign Policy”, Globalization, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2003).
  • Ertan Efegil, “Turkey’s Energy Policy and EU’s Energy Needs”, at www.atlanterhavskomiteen.no/files/ atlanterhavskomiteen.no/.../ertan.doc [last visited 16 June 2011].
  • Gani Nasirov, “Energy Projects in Perspective of Turkey’s Energy Policy: The Case of the Caspian Basin Oil & Gas”, at http://www.energyresearches.org/articles/articles/85-articles/194-energy-projects-in- perspective-of-turkeys-energy-policy-the-case-of-the-caspian-basin-oil-a-gas.html [last visited 18 June 2011].
  • Yusuf Yazar and Hasan Hüseyin Erkaya, “Whither Turkey’s Energy Policy?”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 9, No. 4 (October- December 2007).
  • Taner Yıldız, “Turkey’s Energy Economy and Future Energy Vision”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Summer 2010), p. 16.
  • Gülnur Aybet, “Turkey’s Energy Politics: Neither East or West”, at http://www.wilsoncenter. org/index.cfm?topic_id=109941&fuseaction=topics.events&themonth=9&n_owner_ id=546092&theyear=2009 [last visited 11 August 2011].
  • Roberts, “The Turkish Gate: Energy Transit and Security Issues”, p. 98.
  • Stern, “Security of European Natural Gas Supplies, The Impact of Import Dependence and Liberalization”, p. 16.
  • Roberts, “The Turkish Gate: Energy Transit and Security Issues”, p. 112. 36 Ibid.
  • Stern, “Turkey’s Energy and Foreign Policy”. 38 Ibid.
  • Alaeddin Yalçınkaya, Kafkasya’da Siyasi Gelişmeler- Etnik Düğümden Küresel Kördüğüme, Ankara, Lalezar Kitabevi, 2006.
  • Süha Bölükbaşı, “Jokeying for Power in the Caspian Basin”, in Shirin Akiner (ed.), The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security, London, Routledge Curzon, 2005.
  • Roberts, “The Turkish Gate: Energy Transit and Security Issues”, p. 112. 42 Ibid, p. 98.
  • Nasirov, “Energy Projects in Perspective of Turkey’s Energy Policy: The Case of the Caspian Basin Oil & Gas”.
  • Mehmet Öğütçü, “Caspian Energy Poker Game and Turkey: Prospects for a New Approach”, at http:// www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/journal/html/vol8/article8-5.html [last visited 25 August 2011]. 45 Ibid.
  • Yalçınkaya, Kafkasya’da Siyasi Gelişmeler- Etnik Düğümden Küresel Kördüğüme.
  • Adams, “Caspian Energy Development”, p. 101.
  • Blue Stream, at http://www.gazprom.com/production/projects/pipelines/blue-stream/ [last visited 26 July 2011].
  • Richard Melson, “Russia’s Putin Goes to Turkey for Opening of Blue Stream Gas Pipeline”, at http:// www.cambridgeforecast.org/MIDDLEEAST/RUSSIA-TURKEY.html [last visited 5 August 2011].
  • Trans Anatolian Pipeline Project, at http://www.iea.org/work/2006/energy_security/Cavanna.pdf [last visited 12 January 2011].
  • Interview with Nikolay Tokarev, at http://www.russiaenergy.com/index.php#state=InterviewDetail&i d=636 [last visited 14 March 2011].
  • Vladimir Socor, “Samsun-Ceyhan Pipeline Project Designed to Divert Kazakhstani Oil”, Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 6, No. 195 (23 October 2009), at http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35645&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=27&cHash=ced57069b1 [last visited 5 February 2011].
  • Trans Anatolian Pipeline Project, at http://www.iea.org/work/2006/energy_security/Cavanna.pdf [last visited 12 January 2011].
  • Socor, “Samsun-Ceyhan Pipeline Project Designed to Divert Kazakhstani Oil”.
  • Şaban Kardaş, “Russia Joins the Samsun-Ceyhan Pipeline”, at http://eurodialogue.org/Russia-Joins- The-Samsun-Ceyhan-Pipeline [last visited 15 July 2011].
  • “Turkey’s Energy Policy - Too Often a Year too Late”, at http://ibsresearch.com/content/turkeys- energy-policy-too-often-year-too-late [last visted 23 June 2011].
  • Interview with Nikolay Tokarev.
  • “Interconnection Turkey Greece Italy (ITGI) Pipeline”, at http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/ projects/turkeygreeceitalypip/ [last visited 18 March 2011].
  • European Commission, External Relations, Prague Summit Southern Corridor, 8 May 2009 at http:// www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/misc/107598.pdf [last visited 18 March 2011].
  • “Interconnection Turkey Greece Italy (ITGI) Pipeline”, at http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/ projects/turkeygreeceitalypip/ [last visited 18 March 2011].
  • Roberto Poti, quoted in “ITGI Pipeline: EDISON, DEPA, and BOTAŞ Sign Agreement for the Transit in Turkey”, at http://www.edison.it/en/media/press-releases/2010-06-17-itgi-pipeline-edison- depa-and-botas-sign-agreement-for-the-transit-in-turkey.shtml [last visited 12 April 2011].
  • Gary Lakes, “Greece and Italy Promote ITGI Gas Pipeline as Best Start to Southern Corridor”, at http://www.erpic.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=258-%3Agreece-and-italy- promote-itgi-gas-pipeline-as-best-start-to-southern-corridor&catid= 84%3Amarch-2010&Itemid=79 [last visited 25 March 2011].
  • Vasileios Tsompanopoulos, “The Gas Corridor through Turkey, Greece and Italy (ITGI)”, Presentation at WEC Regional Meeting, İstanbul, 17 October 2008, at www.worldenergy.org/documents/8._ vasileios_tsompanopoulos.ppt [last visited 9 March 2011].
  • European Commission, External Relations, Prague Summit Southern Corridor, 8 May 2009.
  • “ITGI Pipeline: EDISON, DEPA, and BOTAŞ Sign Agreement for the Transit in Turkey”, at http://www.edison.it/en/media/press-releases/2010-06-17-itgi-pipeline-edison-depa-and-botas-sign- agreement-for-the-transit-in-turkey.shtml [last visited 12 April 2011].
  • Kostis Geropoulos, “Greece Throws its Support behind ITGI in Pipeline Race”, New Europe, 24 October 2010, at http://www.neurope.eu/articles/103354.php [last visited 21 December 2010].
  • “Italy’s Edison Promotes Cheaper Version of Nabucco”, Euractiv, 27 April 2010 at http://www. euractiv.com/en/energy/italy-s-edison-promotes-cheaper-version-nabucco-news-485149 [last visited 16 December 2010].
  • Lakes, “Greece and Italy Promote ITGI Gas Pipeline as Best Start to Southern Corridor”.
  • Comaschi, Giulio and Sormani, “Natural Gas Demand and Supply in Italy”.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Çiğdem Üstün This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Üstün, Ç. (2011). Energy Cooperation between Import Dependent Countries: Cases of Italy and Turkey. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, 16(1), 71-90.
AMA Üstün Ç. Energy Cooperation between Import Dependent Countries: Cases of Italy and Turkey. PERCEPTIONS. April 2011;16(1):71-90.
Chicago Üstün, Çiğdem. “Energy Cooperation Between Import Dependent Countries: Cases of Italy and Turkey”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 16, no. 1 (April 2011): 71-90.
EndNote Üstün Ç (April 1, 2011) Energy Cooperation between Import Dependent Countries: Cases of Italy and Turkey. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 16 1 71–90.
IEEE Ç. Üstün, “Energy Cooperation between Import Dependent Countries: Cases of Italy and Turkey”, PERCEPTIONS, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 71–90, 2011.
ISNAD Üstün, Çiğdem. “Energy Cooperation Between Import Dependent Countries: Cases of Italy and Turkey”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 16/1 (April 2011), 71-90.
JAMA Üstün Ç. Energy Cooperation between Import Dependent Countries: Cases of Italy and Turkey. PERCEPTIONS. 2011;16:71–90.
MLA Üstün, Çiğdem. “Energy Cooperation Between Import Dependent Countries: Cases of Italy and Turkey”. PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs, vol. 16, no. 1, 2011, pp. 71-90.
Vancouver Üstün Ç. Energy Cooperation between Import Dependent Countries: Cases of Italy and Turkey. PERCEPTIONS. 2011;16(1):71-90.