TURKEY AND THE EUROPEAN UNION : A QUESTION OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCE?

Yıl 1998, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 0 - 0, 01.07.1998

Günter Endruweıt

Öz

Cultural differences were increasingly used as an argument against Turkey’s integration into an organised Europe since at least 14 April 1987, when Turkey, already an associate member, applied for full membership of the European Community. In this contribution we will consider, though some brief and sometimes simplified examples, some of the structures of this discussion.

Kaynakça

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• Published in Supplement 2/86 of the Bulletin of the European Community. Statistisches Bundesamt, p. 364. “The totality of the configurations of behaviour in a society ... which are transmitted over generations by symbols, which take shape in instruments and products and which one becomes aware of in value concepts and ideas” (Fuchs in Fuchs et al., p. 437). Compare the considerations about the concept “European interest” in Rhein, pp. 55-56. See Endruweit, p. 103. Hillmann, p.460. See Ruppert, Karl (1995), ‘Der Mitteleuropa-Begriff-raumstrukturelle
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• See for instance Campbell, J.K. (1964), Honour, Family and Patronage, Oxford: Clarendon Press
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• (1970), Greek peasants, Ancient and Modern, Manchester: Manchester University Press. About Turkey: Yurtdaş pp. 44-73. Quoted in Mango, p. 11.
• See also Endruweit, pp. 104-5. So Grothusen 1988, p. 3. Kalaycıoğlu, p. 1.
• See Yücekök, p. 89, Grothusen 1988, pp. 5-12; Kalaycıoğlu, pp. 5-6.
• See Turan 1989, p. 21 for further evidence, and Grothusen 1985, pp. 707-8 (in case of differences we followed Grothusen). Endruweit, p. 105
• “This enormous effort has not been imposed on her by one or another foreign power” (Akarcal_, p. 3). See, for instance, Rumpf, p. 79; Kalaycıoğlu, p. 12; Steinbach, p. 40; Sch¸ler, p. 67. Sonnenhol, p. 118. Dodd, p. 156. İş Bankası (1974), Çalışma Dergisi, 1/1974, p. 170. See Ekin, p. 599. Kalaycıoğlu, p. 12. Mardin, pp. 8-10. Ülgener, p. 78. Yalman, p. 152.
• See Zentrum für Türkeistudien, pp. 98-9 with further reference. “Islam has proven to be a persisting power to which numerous Turks have remained attached not only in their private but also in their social life.” (Steinbach, p. 40). See Grothusen (1988), p. 10, Karpat, Rustow and Weiher in Grothusen (1985), pp. 82-3, 246, and res.; Dodd, pp. 134-43.
• Rumpf, p. 19. The principle of laicism is also found in art. 19 of the constitution of 1961 and in art. 24 of the constitution of 1982.
• See also Weiher in Grothusen (1985), pp. 305-315. Dereli, pp. 255-265. Schwelien, p. 3. Grothusen 1985, p. 762.
• See ß 1358 BGB (old version) which was cancelled by the law of equality of 18 June 1957 (BGBI).
• I, p. 609), although it had previously been anti-constitutional to a large extent. Acar, p. 82, for Turkey in about 1990 (no exact date mentioned); for Germany in 1987
• Onnen-Isemann, Corinna/Oßwald, Ursula: Aufstiegsbarrieren für Frauen im Universitätsbereich, Bad Honnef: Book 1991, p. 14.
• “In the background one can still recognise traces of the unlimited Roman patria potestas, perhaps reduced by the right to kill (ius vitae necisque) and to alienate (mancipium).” (Serozan, p. ). See in this context Heper, pp. 24-36; Öncü pp. 57-60; Yurtda_ pp. 62-64. See Article 1 of the Constitution of the French Republic. About the chances of federalism see Rumpf in Grothusen (1965), p. 174 with further quotations.
• See for the even more difficult situation of Austria after World War I: Zweig, Stefan (1992), Die
• Welt von gestern, Frankfurt a.M.: S. Fischer, p. 341. See, among others, Endruweit, p. 108, and Kalayc_oğlu, pp. 2-3. Kieler Nachrichten (newspaper published in Kiel) of 19 December 1994, p. 4.
• Chancengleichheit der Frauen”, in Beilage 3/1986 zum Bulletin der Europäischen Gemeinschaften, p. 19).
• “‘Atatürk’ means: to ask the question about the short-term changeability of man, about culture conflicts willingly introduced or unwillingly arisen from culture contacts, about cultural revolution from above, about putting a model of Western technological-civilizational culture over a Muslim-religious rural population,” (Sonnenhol, pp. 106-7).