Politeknik Dergisi 2147-9429 Gazi Üniversitesi 10.2339/politeknik.1718141 Chemical Reaction Materials Science and Technologies Kimyasal Reaksiyon Malzeme Bilimi ve Teknolojileri Farklı Kimyasal Aktifleştiriciler Kullanılarak Bezelye Proteininden Azot Katkılı Aktif Karbon Eldesi Nitrogen-Doped Activated Carbon Derived from Pea Protein Using Different Chemical Activating Agents https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7608-3779 Güneş Silver GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ 04 21 2026 29 4 1 8 06 12 2025 10 10 2025 Copyright © 1998, Politeknik Dergisi 1998 Politeknik Dergisi

Bu çalışma, KOH, K2CO3 ve ZnCl2 olmak üzere üç farklı aktifleştirici ajanın sistematik karşılaştırması yapılarak ilk defa bezelye proteininden azot katkılı karbon eldesini ortaya koymaktadır. N-katkılı aktif karbonlar, bezelye proteininin karbonlaştırılması ve kimyasal aktivasyon işlemlerini içeren iki aşamalı bir ısıl proses ile elde edilmiştir. XPS analizine göre, sentezlenmiş örneklerdeki yüzey azot yüzdeleri %3,7 ile %6,8 arasında değişmekte olup en yüksek katkılama oranı ZnCl2 ile elde edilmiştir. Yüksek çözünürlüklü XPS taramaları, azotun karbon örgüsüne çoğunlukla piridinik, pirolik ve grafitik formlarda olmak üzere başarılı bir şekilde eklemlendiğini göstermiştir. Azot adsorpsiyon deneylerine göre KOH ile aktifleştirilmiş karbon 985 m2/g ile en yüksek yüzey alanına sahip olup, bu değer K2CO3 ile elde edilen ikinci en yüksek yüzey alanından yaklaşık on kat daha yüksektir. Aktifleştirme işlemleri sonucu elde edilen gözeneklerin boyut dağılımları dar olup 4 nm civarında odaklanmakta, ancak istisna olarak ZnCl2 ile aktifleştirilen karbon makrogözenekli bir yapı sergilemektedir. SEM görüntüleri de düz karbon yüzeyinde kimyasal aşınıma bağlı gözenek oluşumlarını açıkça göstermektedir. Sonuçlar bezelye proteinin azot katkılı karbon eldesi için mükemmel bir kaynak olduğunu göstermektedir. Farklı aktifleştirici ajanlar arasından KOH, daha düşük azot katkısına neden olsa da yüksek yüzey alanı eldesi için en etkili seçenektir.

This study demonstrates the first-time use of pea protein for derivation of nitrogen-doped activated carbons, employing a systematic comparison of three different chemical activators, namely, KOH, K2CO3 and ZnCl2. The N-doped activated carbons were synthesized using a two step thermal process, involving the carbonization of pea protein followed by chemical activation. According to the XPS analysis, the surface nitrogen percentages in the as-synthesized samples varied between 3.7% and 6.8%, with the highest doping obtained by ZnCl2. High-resolution XPS scans showed that nitrogen was successfully incorporated into the carbon backbone, mainly in the form of pyridinic, pyrrolic and graphitic states. Nitrogen adsorption studies showed that KOH-activated carbon had the highest surface area with 985 m2/g, which was almost ten-times higher than the next highest obtained by K2CO3. The activations led to narrow pore size distributions with the mean pore sizes centering around 4 nm, with the exception of ZnCl2 which gave a macroporous structure. The SEM images also revealed the pore formations on carbon flat surface due to chemical consumption of carbon. Results show that pea protein is an excellent source for production of N-doped carbons. Among different activating agents, KOH is the most effective option to obtain high surface area, although leading to a lower nitrogen content.

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