Beyond the Court: The Connection Between Sleep Patterns and Nutrition in Adolescent Basketball Athletes

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between sleep quality and nutritional habits of adolescent basketball players. The study was conducted with 86 basketball athletes aged 12-18 years in 3 private sports clubs. A 4-step questionnaire was administered to the participants. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep quality levels, and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short form) was used to evaluate physical activity levels. A 24-hour dietary recall was used to assess nutritional status. As a result of this study, it was observed that basketball players with good sleep quality believed they had adequate and balanced nutrition, and individuals with good sleep quality consumed only one snack per day. This finding was statistically significant (p < 0.05). There is a statistically significant difference in body weight among participants based on their sleep quality. Body weight appeared to be higher in participants with poor sleep quality (p<0.05). There is no significant correlation found between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and International Physical Activity Questionnaire scores, sport club membership, nutritional knowledge, implementation status of the nutrition programme, the person who recommended the programme, the number of meals, and skipping meals status (p > 0.05).

Keywords

• Sports nutrition
• Basketball
• Nutritional habits
• Sleep quality
• Adolescent

References

1. Ağargün, M. Y., Kara, H., Anlar, O. (1996). The validity and reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 107-115.
2. Akici, Ş. Y., Yağmur, C., Parlak, E., & Kurdak, S. S. (2011). Erkek Yıldız Basketbol Takımı Oyuncularının Beslenme Durumlarının ve Alışkanlıklarının Değerlendirilmesi. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 3(2).
3. Arıkan, B., & Şanlıer, N. (2006). Amatör tenisçilerin beslenme durumlarının ve bazı antropometrik ölçümlerinin saptanması. In Proceedings of the 9th International Sports Sciences Congress (pp. 428-431). Muğla.
4. Ayar, S. (2017). Milli kürekçiler ile sedanter bireylerde algılanan ve ölçülen gerçek uyku kalitesinin karşılaştırılması [Master’s thesis, Düzce University].
5. Bayar, A. (2023). Nutrition knowledge levels of basketball players: A systematic analysis of studies conducted in Turkey. Innovatiosports Journal, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10454587.
6. Baysal, A. (2015). Beslenme (16th ed., pp. 13-14, 33-37, 41-48, 113-117). Ankara: Hatiboğlu Publishing House.
7. Büyüköztürk Ş., Çokluk Ö., Köklü N. Sosyal Bilimler için İstatistik. Pegem Akademi; Ankara, Türkiye: 2018.
8. Capra, M. E., Stanyevic, B., Giudice, A., Monopoli, D., Decarolis, N. M., Esposito, S., & Biasucci, G. (2024). Nutrition for Children and Adolescents Who Practice Sport: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 16(16), 2803. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162803

9. Chaput, J. P., Dutil, C., Featherstone, R., Ross, R., Giangregorio, L., Saunders, T. J., Janssen, I., Poitras, V. J., Kho, M. E., Ross-White, A., Zankar, S., & Carrier, J. (2020). Sleep timing, sleep consistency, and health in adults: a systematic review. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism, 45(10 (Suppl. 2)), S232–S247. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2020-0032.
10. Duran Agüero, S., Espinoza Diaz, L., Valenzuela Silva, S., Salazar Burgos, A. (2015). Sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, and insomnia in Chilean paralympic athletes. Nutr Hosp, 32(6), 2832-2837. https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.32.6.9893
11. Escribano-Ott, I., Calleja-González, J., & Mielgo-Ayuso, J. (2022). Ergo-Nutritional Intervention in Basketball: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14(3), 638. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030638.
12. Eroğlu, M. N., Köse, B., & Sabur Öztürk, B. (2024). The Relationship Between Dietary Nutrients and Sleep in Elite Athletes: a Pilot Study. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 35(3), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1530234.
13. Gonnissen, H. K., Adam, T. C., Hursel, R., Rutters, F., Verhoef, S. P., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2013). Sleep duration, sleep quality and body weight: parallel developments. Physiology & behavior, 121, 112–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.04.007.
14. Gupta, P., Srivastava, N., Gupta, V., Tiwari, S., & Banerjee, M. (2022). Association of sleep duration and sleep quality with body mass index among young adults. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 11(6), 3251–3256. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_21_21.
15. Hirotsu, C., Tufik, S., & Andersen, M. L. (2015). Interactions between sleep, stress, and metabolism: From physiological to pathological conditions. Sleep science (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 8(3), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.slsci.2015.09.002.
16. İnce, B. (2017). Profesyonel basketbolcularda beslenme alışkanlıkları ve bilgi düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Master’s thesis, Haliç University].
17. Jarrin, D. C., McGrath, J. J., & Drake, C. L. (2013). Beyond sleep duration: distinct sleep dimensions are associated with obesity in children and adolescents. International journal of obesity (2005), 37(4), 552–558. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.4.
18. Kaplan, C. (2019). 14-18 yaş grubu adölesan erkek basketbolcularda beslenme durumunun akdeniz diyeti kalite indeksine (KIDMED) göre değerlendirilmesi [Master's thesis, Bahçeşehir University].
19. Keramat, S. A., Alam, K., Basri, R., Siddika, F., Siddiqui, Z. H., Okyere, J., Seidu, A. A., & Ahinkorah, B. O. (2023). Sleep duration, sleep quality and the risk of being obese: Evidence from the Australian panel survey. Sleep medicine, 109, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2023.06.012
20. Khan, M. K., Chu, Y. L., Kirk, S. F., & Veugelers, P. J. (2015). Are sleep duration and sleep quality associated with diet quality, physical activity, and body weight status? A population-based study of Canadian children. Canadian journal of public health, 106(5), e277–e282. https://doi.org/10.17269/cjph.106.4892.
21. Larson, N., Stang, J. S., & Leak, T. (2017). Nutrition in adolescence. In Krause’s Food & Nutrition Care Process (14th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri.
22. Lehmann, L., Giacomoni, M., Del Sordo, G., Raymond, J. J., Duché, P., & Margaritis, I. (2024). Energy and Macronutrient Intakes in Young Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. International journal of sports medicine, 45(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2108-5691.
23. Li, N., Wang, D., Zhao, X., Li, Z., Zhang, L. (2024). The association between physical exercise behavior and psychological resilience of teenagers: an examination of the chain mediating efect. Nature Scientific Reports, 14:9372. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60038-1.
24. Lindseth, G., & Murray, A. (2016). Dietary Macronutrients and Sleep. Western journal of nursing research, 38(8), 938–958. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916643712.
25. Martín-Rodríguez, A., Belinchón-deMiguel, P., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Martínez-Guardado, I., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C. V., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2024). Advances in Understanding the Interplay between Dietary Practices, Body Composition, and Sports Performance in Athletes. Nutrients, 16(4), 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040571.
26. Mason, J., Stewart, A., Kniewasser, C., & Zech, A. (2022). Tracking sleep in the field: sleep quality and sleep behaviours of elite track and field athletes during preparation and competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(24), 2741–2749. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2023.2191089.
27. Min, C., Kim, H. J., Park, I. S., Park, B., Kim, J. H., Sim, S., & Choi, H. G. (2018). The association between sleep duration, sleep quality, and food consumption in adolescents: A cross-sectional study using the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. BMJ open, 8(7), e022848. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022848.
28. Moss, K., Zhang, Y., Kreutzer, A., Graybeal, A. J., Porter, R. R., Braun-Trocchio, R., & Shah, M. (2022). The Relationship Between Dietary Intake and Sleep Quality in Endurance Athletes. Frontiers in sports and active living, 4, 810402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.810402.
29. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (n.d.). Dietary reference intake-DRI. Retrieved December 12, 2024, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/HealthInformation/Dietary_Reference_Intakes.aspx
30. Nelson, K. L., Davis, J. E., & Corbett, C. F. (2022). Sleep quality: An evolutionary concept analysis. Nursing forum, 57(1), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12659.
31. Öçal, Ö. (2015). Acıbadem Maslak Hastanesi beslenme ve diyet polikliniğine başvuran yetişkin bireylerde besin tüketiminin Pittsburgh uyku kalitesi ölçeği ile ilişkisi [Master’s thesis, Başkent University].
32. Öztürk, M. (2005). Üniversitede eğitim-öğretim gören öğrencilerde Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketinin geçerliliği ve güvenirliği ve fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin belirlenmesi [Master’s thesis, Hacettepe University].
33. Potter, M. N., Howell, D. R., Dahab, K. S., Sweeney, E. A., Albright, J. C., & Provance, A. J. (2020). Sleep quality and quality of life among healthy high school athletes. Clinical Pediatrics, 59(2), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922819892050.
34. Pulur, A., & Cicioğlu, İ. (2001). Bayan basketbolcuların beslenme bilgisi ve alışkanlıkları. Atatürk University Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science, 1(2), 44-47.
35. Rakıcıoğlu, N., Tek, N., Ayaz, A., & Pekcan, A. G. (2010). Yemek ve besin fotoğraf kataloğu ölçü ve miktarlar. Ankara: Ata Ofset Matbaacılık.
36. Rogers, E. M., Banks, N. F., & Jenkins, N. D. M. (2024). The effects of sleep disruption on metabolism, hunger, and satiety, and the influence of psychosocial stress and exercise: A narrative review. Diabetes & Metabolism Research and Reviews, e3667. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3667.
37. Sajjadieh, A., Shahsavari, A., Safaei, A., Penzel, T., Schoebel, C., Fietze, I., Mozafarian, N., Amra, B., & Kelishadi, R. (2020). The Association of Sleep Duration and Quality with Heart Rate Variability and Blood Pressure. Tanaffos, 19(2), 135–143.
38. Sánchez-Díaz, S., Yanci, J., Raya-González, J., Scanlan, A. T., & Castillo, D. (2021). A Comparison in Physical Fitness Attributes, Physical Activity Behaviors, Nutritional Habits, and Nutritional Knowledge Between Elite Male and Female Youth Basketball Players. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 685203. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685203.
39. Seifert, J., Harmon, J., DeClercq, P., & Russell, A. (2006). Protein added to a sports drink improves fluid retention. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 16, 420-429. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.16.4.420.
40. Silva, A., Andersen, M. L., Junqueira, L. F., Tufik, S. (2012). Sleep quality evaluation, chronoty, sleepiness, and anxiety of paralympic Brazilian athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(2), 150-154. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.077016.
41. Sivrikaya, A. H. (2006). Atatürk Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksek Okulu Voleybol takımı sporcularının sporcu beslenmesine ilişkin bilgi düzeylerinin incelenmesi. In Proceedings of the 9th International Sports Sciences Congress (pp. 554-555). Muğla.
42. Soltanieh, S., Solgi, S., Ansari, M., Santos, H. O., & Abbasi, B. (2021). Effect of sleep duration on dietary intake, desire to eat, measures of food intake and metabolic hormones: A systematic review of clinical trials. Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 45, 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.07.029.
43. Suppiah, H. T., Swinbourne, R., Wee, J., He, Q., Pion, J., Driller, M. W., Gastin, P. B., & Carey, D. L. (2022). Predicting Youth Athlete Sleep Quality and the Development of a Translational Tool to Inform Practitioner Decision Making. Sports health, 14(1), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381211056078.
44. Sutanto, C. N., Wang, M. X., Tan, D., & Kim, J. E. (2020). Association of Sleep Quality and Macronutrient Distribution: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Nutrients, 12(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010126.
45. Şanlıer, N., & Arıkan, B. (2000). Ankara’da çeşitli üniversitelerde beden eğitimi ve spor yüksek okullarına devam eden son sınıf öğrencilerinin beslenme ve ek ergonejik yardımcıları kullanma durumlarının saptanması. In Proceedings of the 1st Gazi Physical Education and Sports Sciences Congress (pp. 210-216). Ankara.
46. Tunca, Ç. (2019). Türk milli takımı güreşçilerinde uyku kalitesi, yorgunluk, stres düzeyi ile spor sakatlanmaları, geri dönüş süreci ve beslenme alışkanlıkları arasındaki ilişki [Master’s thesis, Trakya University].
47. Türkiye Basketbol Federasyonu. (2017). Basketbol oyun kuralları. Retrieved September 5, 2024, from https://www.tbf.org.tr/dokuman
48. Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi (TÜBER) (2022). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1031, Ankara.
49. Vlahoyiannis, A., Aphamis, G., Bogdanis, G. C., Sakkas, G. K., Andreou, E., & Giannaki, C. D. (2021). Deconstructing athletes' sleep: A systematic review of the influence of age, sex, athletic expertise, sport type, and season on sleep characteristics. Journal of sport and health science, 10(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.03.006.
50. World Health Organization (2018). Healthy diet. Retrieved September 10, 2024, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet