The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Levels in Blood and VO₂max in Indonesian Athletes: A Meta-Analysis Study

Syahrizal Islam; Muhamad Husein

doi:10.54141/psbd.1776590

The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Levels in Blood and VO₂max in Indonesian Athletes: A Meta-Analysis Study

Abstract

VO₂max plays a vital role in supporting athletes' endurance during training and competition. However, research on VO₂max in Indonesian athletes continues to yield mixed results. Therefore, this study aims to examine the contribution of hemoglobin levels to VO₂max in Indonesian athletes using a meta-analysis. This study uses a meta-analysis approach following the PRISMA guidelines, with a literature search conducted using Harzing's Publish or Perish application on Google Scholar. The main keywords used were "hemoglobin level" AND "VO₂max", combined with Boolean operators. Data analysis included heterogeneity tests, effect size calculations, subgroup analyses, and publication bias tests, all conducted using JASP. The results of a meta-analysis of 17 studies showed a significant positive relationship between hemoglobin levels and VO₂max in athletes in Indonesia (effect size = .724; 95% CI: 0.499–0.949; p < .001), with a high level of heterogeneity (Q = 79.29; p < .05; I² = 82.4%). Subgroup analysis showed a significant effect in team sports (effect size = .772; p < .001), whereas no significant effect was observed in individual or mixed sports. The test for differences between groups of sport types also showed no significant difference (Qₘ(2) = .78; p = .677). In addition, Egger's test showed no indication of publication bias (p = .59). Overall, these findings confirm that hemoglobin levels contribute significantly to athletes' VO₂max. However, the magnitude of the effect may vary between sports, thereby confirming the physiological role of hemoglobin in supporting athletes' endurance capacity.

Keywords

Thanks

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia for its financial support through the Unggulan Scholarship program, which enabled the successful completion of this research. They also express their gratitude to Semarang State University and Yogyakarta State University for the facilities and academic environment provided.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Sports Training

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Syahrizal Islam ^*
0009-0000-1868-3215
Indonesia

Muhamad Husein This is me
0009-0001-8393-3417
Indonesia

Early Pub Date

July 31, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

September 2, 2025

Acceptance Date

March 26, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1776590

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA24PH47BM

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Islam, S., & Husein, M. (2026). The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Levels in Blood and VO₂max in Indonesian Athletes: A Meta-Analysis Study. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1776590

AMA

1.Islam S, Husein M. The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Levels in Blood and VO₂max in Indonesian Athletes: A Meta-Analysis Study. Pamukkale J Sport Sci. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.54141/psbd.1776590

Chicago

Islam, Syahrizal, and Muhamad Husein. 2026. “The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Levels in Blood and VO₂max in Indonesian Athletes: A Meta-Analysis Study”. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, no. Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1776590.

EndNote

Islam S, Husein M (July 1, 2026) The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Levels in Blood and VO₂max in Indonesian Athletes: A Meta-Analysis Study. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences Advanced Online Publication

IEEE

[1]S. Islam and M. Husein, “The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Levels in Blood and VO₂max in Indonesian Athletes: A Meta-Analysis Study”, Pamukkale J Sport Sci, no. Advanced Online Publication, July 2026, doi: 10.54141/psbd.1776590.

ISNAD

Islam, Syahrizal - Husein, Muhamad. “The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Levels in Blood and VO₂max in Indonesian Athletes: A Meta-Analysis Study”. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences. Advanced Online Publication (July 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1776590.

JAMA

1.Islam S, Husein M. The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Levels in Blood and VO₂max in Indonesian Athletes: A Meta-Analysis Study. Pamukkale J Sport Sci. 2026. doi:10.54141/psbd.1776590.

MLA

Islam, Syahrizal, and Muhamad Husein. “The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Levels in Blood and VO₂max in Indonesian Athletes: A Meta-Analysis Study”. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, no. Advanced Online Publication, July 2026, doi:10.54141/psbd.1776590.

Vancouver

1.Syahrizal Islam, Muhamad Husein. The Relationship Between Hemoglobin Levels in Blood and VO₂max in Indonesian Athletes: A Meta-Analysis Study. Pamukkale J Sport Sci. 2026 Jul. 1;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.54141/psbd.1776590