FARKLI SPORCU DÜZEYLERİNİN YÜKSELTİ ANTRENMANINA KARŞI FİZİKSEL CEVAPLARI

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 24 - 38, 20.09.2010

Ali Cerrah

Öz

<!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:35.4pt; mso-footer-margin:35.4pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} -->

Özet

Bu çalışmada, farklı yükseklikteki dayanıklılık antrenmanlarının elit ve elit olmayan sporcular üzerindeki dayanıklılık parametreleri üzerine etkisi inceleniştir. Birçok araştırmada yükselti antrenmanının sporcu üzerinde etki gösterebilmesi için yükselti eşiğinin 2500 metre ve üzerinde olması gerektiği ortaya konulmuştur. Ancak bu eşik üzerindeki antrenmanların farklı branşlardaki elit sporcular üzerindeki değişimler farklılık göstermiş, bazı araştırmalarda dayanıklılık parametrelerinde gelişim gözlenirken bazılarında gözlenmemiştir. Bu bağlamda bu farklılığın temelinde sporcunun doğal dayanıklılık sınırı ve yükselti antrenmanı öncesinde bu sınırın ne kadarına ulaşmış olduğu önem kazanmaktadır.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler: Yükselti Antrenmanı, Dayanıklılık Kapasitesi, Elit Sporcu

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSES OF DIFFERENT AEROBIC LEVEL ATHLETES TO ALTITUDE TRAINING AND OPTIMUM ALTITUDE AND EXPOSING TIME

Öz

This study has indicated that the effect of altitude training on endurance performance of elite and nonelite athletes and the optimum altitude and exposing time. In many research it has been proved that the threshold should be 2500 m and 3-4 weeks or above in order that altitude training show effect on athletes. However, changes regarding effect of the training above this threshold showed differences on elite athletes who compete in different sports, in some research endurance parameters improve, while in some research it did not. In this sense, at the basic of this differences it is important that the natural endurance threshold of the athletes and where the athletes reached of this threshold before altitude training. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Altitude Training, Aerobic Endurance, Elite Athletes

Kaynakça

• Ashenden, M.J., Gore, C.J., Dobson, G.P. vd. (1999). ‘Live High, Train Low’ Does Not Change the Total Haemoglobin Mass of Male Endurance Athletes Sleeping at a Simulated Altitude of 3000 m for 23 Nights, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 80/5, pp: 479-84.
• Başoğolu, S., Çolak, R., Turnagöl, H. (2005). Yükseltide Performans ve Karbonhidratlar, Hacettepe Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16/3, pp: 157.
• Burtscher, M., Nachbauer, W., Baymgartl, P., Philadelphy, M. (1996). Benefits of Training at Moderate Altitude Versus Sea Level Training in Amateur Runners, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 74, pp: 558–563.
• Burtscher, M. (2005). The Athlete at High Altitude: Performance Diminution and High Altitude Illnesses, International SportMed Journal, 6/4, pp: 215-223.
• Bonetti, D. L., Hopkins, W. G. (2009). Sea-Level Exercise Performance Following Adaptation to Hypoxia: A Meta-Analysis, Sports Medicine, 39/2, pp: 107-27.
• Crapo, R. O., Jensen, R. L., Hegewald, M. H., Tashkin, D. P. (1999). Arterial Blood Gas Reference Values for Sea Level and an Altitude of 1,400 Meters, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 160, pp: 1525–1531.
• Chapman, R. F., Stray-Gundersen, J., Levine, B. D. (1998). Individual Variation in Response to Altitude Training, Journal of Applied Physiology, 85/4, pp: 1448–56.
• Dick, F. W. (1992). Training at Altitude in Practice, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 13/1, pp: 203–206.
• Ergen, E., Zergeroğlu, A. M. (2002) Değişik Ortam Koşullarında Egzersiz. Egzersiz Fizyolojisi, Nobel, Ankara.
• Friedmann, B., Frese, F., Menold, E., Kauper, F., Jost, J., Bärtsch, P. (2005). Individual Variation in the Erythropoietic Response to Altitude Training in Elite Junior Swimmers, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39/3 pp: 148–53.
• Friedmann, B., Jost, J., Rating, T., Weller, E., Werle, E., Eckardt, K. U. vd. (1999). Effects of Iron Supplementation on Total Body Hemoglobin During Endurance Training at Moderate Altitude, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 20/2: 78–85.
• Ge, R. L., Witkowski, S., Zhang, Y., Alfrey, C., Sivieri, M., Karlsen, T. vd. (2002). Determinants of Erythropoietin Release in Response to Short-Term Hypobaric Hypoxia, Journal of Applied Physiology 92, pp: 2361–7.
• Gore, C. J., Craig, N. P., Hahn, A. G., Rice, A. J., Bourdon, P. C., Lawerence, S. R. vd. (1998). Altitude Training at 2690 m Does Not Increase Total Haemoglobin Mass or Sea Level VO2max in World Champion Track Cyclists, Journal of Sport Science and Medicine in Sport, 3, pp: 156-170.
• Gore, C. J., Little, S. C., Hahn, A. G., Scroop, G. C., Norton, K. I., Bourdon, P. C. vd. (1997). Reduced Performance of Male and Female Athletes at 580 m Altitude, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 75, pp: 136-143.
• Hahn, A. G., Gore, C. J. (2001). The Effect of Altitude on Cycling Performance: A Challenge to Traditional Concepts, Sports Medicine, 31, pp: 533–557.
• Hahn, A. G., Gore, C. J., Martin, D. T. (2001). Ashenden MJ, Roberts AD, Logan PA. An Evaluation of the Concept of Living at Moderate Altitude and Training at Sea Level. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 128/4, pp: 777-89, Apr.
• Heinicke, K., Heinicke, I., Schmidt, W., Wolfarth, B. (2005). A Three-Week Traditional Altitude Training Increases Hemoglobin Mass and Red Cell Volume in Elite Biathlon Athletes, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26/5, pp: 350- 5.
• Henderson, K. K., Clancy, R. L., Gonzalez, N. C. (2001). Living and Training in Moderate Hypoxia Does Not Improve VO2 maxMore Than Living and Training in Normoxia, Journal of Applied Physiology, 90/6, pp: 2057-2062.
• Kinsman, T. A., Hahn, A. G., Gore, C. J., Wilsmore, B. R., Martin, D. T. and Chow, C. M. (2002). Respiratory Events and Periodic Breathing in Cyclists Sleeping at 2,650m Simulated Altitude, Journal of Applied Physiology, 92/5, pp: 2114-2118.
• Levine, B. D., Stray-Gundersen, J. (1997). Living High-Training Low: Effect of Moderate-Altitude Acclimatization With Low-Altitude Training on Performance, Journal of Applied Physiology, 83, pp: 102-112.
• Levine, B. D. (2003). Intermittent Hypoxic Training: Fact and Fancy, High Altitude Medicine & Biology, 3, pp:77–193.
• Masuda, K., Okazaki, K., Kuno, S., Asano, K., Shimojo, H., Katsuta, S. (2001). Endurance Training Under 2500-m Hypoxia Does Not Increase Myoglobin Content in Human Skeletal Muscle, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, pp: 486–490.
• McSharry, P.E. (2007). Effect of Altitude on Physiological Performance: A Statistical Analysis Using Results of International Football Games, British Medical Journal, 335, pp: 278-1281.
• McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., Katch, V. L. (2001). Exercise Physiology, Lippincolt Williams and Wilkins, United States of America.
• Metin, G. (2004). Yüksek Rakımlarda Egzersiz, Solunum. 6/2, pp: 89-97.
• Nagashima, K., Mack, G. W., Haskell, A., Nishiyasu, T., Nadel, E. R. (1999). Mechanism for the Posture-Specific Plasma Volume Increase After a Single Intense Exercise Protocol, Journal of Applied Physiology, 86/3, pp: 867–873.
• Robach, P., Schmitt, L., Brugniaux, J. V., Nicolet, G., Duvallet, A., Fouillot, J. vd. (2006). Living High–Training Low: Effect on Erythropoiesis and Maximal Aerobic Performance in Elite Nordic Skiers, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 97, pp: 695–705.
• Pottgiesser, T., Ahlgrim, C., Ruthardt, S., Dickhuth, H. H., Schumacher, Y. O. (2009). Hemoglobin Mass After 21 Days of Conventional Altitude Training at 1816m, Journal of Sport Science and Medicine in Sport, 12/6, pp: 673-5.
• Rusko, H., Tikkanen, H., Peltonen, J. (2004). Altitude and Endurance Training, Journal of Sport Sciences, 22/10, pp: 928-945.
• Rusko, H. K., Kirvesniemi, H., Paavonlainen, L., Vähäsöyrinki, P., Kyrö, K. P. (1996). Effect of Altitude Training on Sea Level Aerobic and Anaerobic Power in Elite Athletes, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 28, pp:124 (Abstract 739).
• Saunders, P., Gore, C., Hahn, A., Hawley, J., Telford, R., Pyne, D. vd. (2004). Improved Running Economy in Elite Runners After 20 Days of Simulated Moderate-Altitude Exposure, Journal of Applied Physiology, 96/3, pp: 931–7.
• Sawka, M. N., Convertino, V. A., Eichner, E. R., Schneider, S. M., Young, A. J. (2000). A Blood Volume: Importance and Adaptations to Exercise Training, Environmental Stresses, and Trauma/Sickness, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32, pp: 332–348.
• Skinner, J. S. (2005). Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription for Special Cases: Theoretical Basis and Clinical Application, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, United States of America.
• Stray-Gundersen, J., Chapman, R. F., Levine, B. D. (2001). Living High-Training Low" Altitude Training Improves Sea Level Performance in Male and Female Elite Runners, J Appl Physiol, 91/3, pp: 1113-20.
• Stuber, T., Scherrer, U. (2010). Circulatory Adaptation to Long-Term High Altitude Exposure in Aymaras and Caucasians, Progress in Cardiovascular Disease, 52/6, pp: 534-9.
• Townsend, N. E., Gore, C.J., Hahn, A.G., McKenna, M.J., Aughey, R.J., Clark, S.A., Kinsman, T., Hawley, J.A., Chow, C.M. (2002). Living High-Training Low Increases Hypoxic Ventilatory Response of Well-Trained Endurance Athletes, Journal of Applied Physiology, 93/4, pp: 1498-1505.
• Vogth, M., Puntschart, A., Geiser, J., Zuleger, C., Billeter, R., Hoppeler, H. (2001). Molecular Adaptations in Human Skeletal Muscle to Endurance Training Under Simulated Hypoxic Conditions, Journal of Applied Physiology, 91, pp: 173-82.
• Wehrlin, J. P., Zuest, P., Halle, J., Marti, B. (2006a). Live High-Train Low for 24 Days İncreases Hemoglobin Mass and Red Cell Volume in Elite Endurance Athletes, Journal of Applied Physiology, 100, pp: 1938–1945.
• Wehrlin, J.P., Marti, B. (2006b). Live high-train low associated with Increased Haemoglobin Mass As Preparation for the 2003 World Championships in Two Native European World Class Runners, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40/2, (Abstract)