Research Article
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A Qualitative Study on E-Sports Players’ Leadership Perceptions Regarding Their Team Coaches

Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 144 - 166, 29.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1380150

Abstract

Having emerged following the professionalization of digital gaming, e-sports has created its ecosystem and become a large-scale industry itself. Teams involved in this industry experience a social environment just like in other organizational structures. As e-sports is a relatively newer branch when compared to other sports branches, leadership in e-sports is not a commonly studied topic in the literature. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore leadership perceptions of e-sports players in a comprehensive way. A team coach is often considered the leader in e-sports. The study was designed according to the principles of phenomenology, which is a qualitative research method. The semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers was used as the data collection instrument. The interviews were conducted with a group of e-sports players who met the predetermined criteria for participation in the study. The data was analyzed by using the content analysis method. First, the codes were determined, and later, the categories, and finally, the themes were identified out of these categories. Accordingly, it was found that leadership in e-sports is perceived under five themes: physical characteristics, personality traits, professional qualifications, technical skills, and management skills. Finally, it can be concluded that leadership in e-sports is quite similar to leadership in other traditional sports in many ways. However, the study showed that it has unique characteristics that need studying within the framework of the digital age and technological advancements.

References

  • Adams, K. L., Devia-Allen, G., & Moore, M. A. (2019). What is esports? In Rogers, R. (Eds.) Understanding esports (An Introduction to The Global Phenomenon) (pp. 3-14). London: Lexington Books.
  • Argan, M., & Akın, E. (2007). Elektronik spor: Özellikleri, kavram ve uygulamalarına yönelik kuramsal çerçeve. 4th International Mediterranean Sport Sciences Congress, (pp. 80). Antalya.
  • Boardley, I. D., Kavussanu, M., & Ring, C. (2008). Athletes' perceptions of coaching effectiveness and athlete-related outcomes in rugby union: An investigation based on the coaching efficacy model. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 269-287.
  • Bolden, R. (2004). What is leadership? South West Regional Development Agency.
  • Breslau, R. (2012). Gamespot. 25.1.2024 cited by: https://www.gamespot.com/articles/riot-vp-of-esports-haters-gonna-hate/1100-6397683/
  • Chelladurai, P. (1984). Discrepancy between preference and perception of leadership behaviour and satisfaction of athletes in varying sports. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 24-41.
  • Chelladurai, P. (1990). Leadership in sports: A review. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 21(4), 328-354.
  • Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S. (1980). Dimensions of leader behavior in sports: Development of a leadership scale. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2, 34-45.
  • Cote, J., Bruner, M., Erickson, K., Strachan, L., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2010). Athlete development and coaching. In Lyle, J. & Cushion, C. (Eds.), Sports coaching (pp. 63-83). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
  • Çetin, E., & Çelik, V. O. (2022). Z kuşağı sporcularının antrenörlerine ilişkin liderlik beklentilerine genel bir bakış: Kuramsal çerçeve. International Journal of Education and New Approaches, 5(2), 348-359. doi: 10.52974/jena.1221608
  • Drath, W. H., & Palus, C. J. (1994). Making common sense: Leadership as meaning-making in a community of practice . North Carolina: Center for Creative Leadership.
  • Falkhental, E., & Byrne, A. M. (2020). Distributed leadership in collegiate esports. Simulation and Gaming, Oct., 1-19. doi: 10.1177/1046878120958750
  • Gardner, D. E., Shields, D. L., Bredemeier, B. J., & Bostrom, A. (1996). The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and team cohesion among baseball and softball players. The Sport Psychologist, 10(4), 367-381.
  • Gitmez, A. S. (2020). Sosyal bilim araştırmalarında yöntembilim. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Guba, E. G., Lincoln, Y. S., & Lynham, S. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.) Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 163-188). Sage Publications.
  • Güney, S. (2015). Liderlik. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Gürüz, D., & Gürel, E. (2009). Yönetim ve organizasyon (Bireyden örgüte, fikirden eyleme). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Hedlund, J., Forsythe, G. B., Horvath, J. A., Williams, W. M., Snook, S., & Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Identifying and assessing tacit knowledge: Understanding the practical intelligence of military leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 117-120. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00006-7
  • Hemphill, J. K., & Coons, A. E. (1957). Development of the leader behavior description questionnaire. In Stogdill, R. M. & Coons, A. E. (Eds.) Leader behavior: Its description and measurement (pp. 6-38). Colombus: Bureau of Business Research.
  • House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., Dorfman, P. W., Javidan, M., & Dickson, M. (1999). Cultural ınfluences of leadership and organizations: Project globe. In Mobley, W. H., Gessner, M. J. & Arnold, V. (Eds.) Advances in global leadership (pp. 131-233). Connecticut: JAI Press.
  • Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. H. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. doi: 10.1177/1049732305276687
  • https-1. (2024). World Medical Association. 1.25.2024 cited by: wma.net: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/
  • Jacobs, T. O., & Jaques, E. (1990). Military executive leadership. In Clark, K. E. & Clark, M. B. (Eds.) Measures of leadership (pp. 281-295). New Jersey: Leadership Library of America.
  • Kabadayı, O. K. (2020). A'dan Z'ye e-spor (Bir Profesyonelden).
  • Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations. New York: John Wiley.
  • Keach, S. (2015). Trusted Reviews. 25.1.2024 cited by: https://www.trustedreviews.com/opinion/what-are-esports-a-beginner-s-guide-to-pro-gaming-2932403
  • Keçeci, O., & Çelik, V. O. (2021). Leadership in e-sport organizations: A theoretical framework. Spormetre The Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 19(2), 1-13. doi: 10.33689/spormetre.830800
  • Kilci, A. K. (2019). Spor ve dijital oyunda son nokta: Espor. Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Authentic leadership development. In Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E. & Quinn, R. E. (Eds.) Positive organizational scholarship (pp. 241-258). Berrett-Koehler.
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage Publications.
  • Mustafaoğlu, R. (2018). E-Sport, sport and physical activity. Journal of National Sport Sciences, 2(2), 84-96. doi: 10.30769/usbd.457545
  • Northouse, P. G. (2010). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage Publications.
  • Nuangjumnong, T. (2016). Development of leadership through esports. (Unpublished doctoral thesis) Waseda University, Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Tokyo.
  • O'Boyle, I., Murray, D., & Cummins, P. (2015). Leadership in sport. Routledge.
  • Ponterotto, J. G. (2005). Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 126-136. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.126
  • Rauch, C. F., & Behling, O. (1984). Functionalism: Basis for an alternate approach to the study of leadership. In Hunt, J. G., Hosking, D. M., Schriesheim, C. A. & Stewart, R. (Eds.) Leaders and managers: ınternational perspectives on managerial behavior and leadership (pp. 45-62). Pergamon Press.
  • Richards, D., & Engle , S. (1986). After the vision: Suggestions to corporate visionaries and vision champions. In Adams, J. D. (Eds.) Transforming Leadership (pp. 199-214). Miles River Press.
  • Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership . Jossey-Bass.
  • Seo, Y. (2013). Electronic sports: A new marketing landscape of the experience economy. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(13-14), 1542-1560. doi: 10.1080/0267257X.2013.822906
  • Smith, M. J., Arthur, C. A., Hardy, J., Callow, N., & Williams, D. (2013). Transormational leadership and task cohesion in sport: The mediating role of ıntrateam communication. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 249-257. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.002
  • Smoll, F. L., & Smith, R. E. (1989). Leadership behaviours in sport: A theoretical model and research paradigm. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 1522-1551.
  • Smoll, F. L., Smith, R. E., Barnett, J. J., & Everett , J. J. (1993). Enhancement of children's self-esteem through social support training for youth sport coaches. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 602-610.
  • Strauss , A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grouned theory procedures and techniques. Sage Publications.
  • Wagner, M. G. (2006). On the scientific relevance of esports. Internet Computing and Computer Games Development, (pp. 437-442).
  • Williams, J. M., & Widmeyer, N. W. (1991). The cohesion-performance outcome relationship in coaching sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(4), 364-371.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayınları.
Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 144 - 166, 29.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1380150

Abstract

References

  • Adams, K. L., Devia-Allen, G., & Moore, M. A. (2019). What is esports? In Rogers, R. (Eds.) Understanding esports (An Introduction to The Global Phenomenon) (pp. 3-14). London: Lexington Books.
  • Argan, M., & Akın, E. (2007). Elektronik spor: Özellikleri, kavram ve uygulamalarına yönelik kuramsal çerçeve. 4th International Mediterranean Sport Sciences Congress, (pp. 80). Antalya.
  • Boardley, I. D., Kavussanu, M., & Ring, C. (2008). Athletes' perceptions of coaching effectiveness and athlete-related outcomes in rugby union: An investigation based on the coaching efficacy model. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 269-287.
  • Bolden, R. (2004). What is leadership? South West Regional Development Agency.
  • Breslau, R. (2012). Gamespot. 25.1.2024 cited by: https://www.gamespot.com/articles/riot-vp-of-esports-haters-gonna-hate/1100-6397683/
  • Chelladurai, P. (1984). Discrepancy between preference and perception of leadership behaviour and satisfaction of athletes in varying sports. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 24-41.
  • Chelladurai, P. (1990). Leadership in sports: A review. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 21(4), 328-354.
  • Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S. (1980). Dimensions of leader behavior in sports: Development of a leadership scale. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2, 34-45.
  • Cote, J., Bruner, M., Erickson, K., Strachan, L., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2010). Athlete development and coaching. In Lyle, J. & Cushion, C. (Eds.), Sports coaching (pp. 63-83). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
  • Çetin, E., & Çelik, V. O. (2022). Z kuşağı sporcularının antrenörlerine ilişkin liderlik beklentilerine genel bir bakış: Kuramsal çerçeve. International Journal of Education and New Approaches, 5(2), 348-359. doi: 10.52974/jena.1221608
  • Drath, W. H., & Palus, C. J. (1994). Making common sense: Leadership as meaning-making in a community of practice . North Carolina: Center for Creative Leadership.
  • Falkhental, E., & Byrne, A. M. (2020). Distributed leadership in collegiate esports. Simulation and Gaming, Oct., 1-19. doi: 10.1177/1046878120958750
  • Gardner, D. E., Shields, D. L., Bredemeier, B. J., & Bostrom, A. (1996). The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and team cohesion among baseball and softball players. The Sport Psychologist, 10(4), 367-381.
  • Gitmez, A. S. (2020). Sosyal bilim araştırmalarında yöntembilim. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Guba, E. G., Lincoln, Y. S., & Lynham, S. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.) Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 163-188). Sage Publications.
  • Güney, S. (2015). Liderlik. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Gürüz, D., & Gürel, E. (2009). Yönetim ve organizasyon (Bireyden örgüte, fikirden eyleme). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Hedlund, J., Forsythe, G. B., Horvath, J. A., Williams, W. M., Snook, S., & Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Identifying and assessing tacit knowledge: Understanding the practical intelligence of military leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 117-120. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00006-7
  • Hemphill, J. K., & Coons, A. E. (1957). Development of the leader behavior description questionnaire. In Stogdill, R. M. & Coons, A. E. (Eds.) Leader behavior: Its description and measurement (pp. 6-38). Colombus: Bureau of Business Research.
  • House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A., Dorfman, P. W., Javidan, M., & Dickson, M. (1999). Cultural ınfluences of leadership and organizations: Project globe. In Mobley, W. H., Gessner, M. J. & Arnold, V. (Eds.) Advances in global leadership (pp. 131-233). Connecticut: JAI Press.
  • Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. H. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. doi: 10.1177/1049732305276687
  • https-1. (2024). World Medical Association. 1.25.2024 cited by: wma.net: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/
  • Jacobs, T. O., & Jaques, E. (1990). Military executive leadership. In Clark, K. E. & Clark, M. B. (Eds.) Measures of leadership (pp. 281-295). New Jersey: Leadership Library of America.
  • Kabadayı, O. K. (2020). A'dan Z'ye e-spor (Bir Profesyonelden).
  • Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations. New York: John Wiley.
  • Keach, S. (2015). Trusted Reviews. 25.1.2024 cited by: https://www.trustedreviews.com/opinion/what-are-esports-a-beginner-s-guide-to-pro-gaming-2932403
  • Keçeci, O., & Çelik, V. O. (2021). Leadership in e-sport organizations: A theoretical framework. Spormetre The Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 19(2), 1-13. doi: 10.33689/spormetre.830800
  • Kilci, A. K. (2019). Spor ve dijital oyunda son nokta: Espor. Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Authentic leadership development. In Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E. & Quinn, R. E. (Eds.) Positive organizational scholarship (pp. 241-258). Berrett-Koehler.
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage Publications.
  • Mustafaoğlu, R. (2018). E-Sport, sport and physical activity. Journal of National Sport Sciences, 2(2), 84-96. doi: 10.30769/usbd.457545
  • Northouse, P. G. (2010). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage Publications.
  • Nuangjumnong, T. (2016). Development of leadership through esports. (Unpublished doctoral thesis) Waseda University, Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Tokyo.
  • O'Boyle, I., Murray, D., & Cummins, P. (2015). Leadership in sport. Routledge.
  • Ponterotto, J. G. (2005). Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 126-136. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.126
  • Rauch, C. F., & Behling, O. (1984). Functionalism: Basis for an alternate approach to the study of leadership. In Hunt, J. G., Hosking, D. M., Schriesheim, C. A. & Stewart, R. (Eds.) Leaders and managers: ınternational perspectives on managerial behavior and leadership (pp. 45-62). Pergamon Press.
  • Richards, D., & Engle , S. (1986). After the vision: Suggestions to corporate visionaries and vision champions. In Adams, J. D. (Eds.) Transforming Leadership (pp. 199-214). Miles River Press.
  • Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership . Jossey-Bass.
  • Seo, Y. (2013). Electronic sports: A new marketing landscape of the experience economy. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(13-14), 1542-1560. doi: 10.1080/0267257X.2013.822906
  • Smith, M. J., Arthur, C. A., Hardy, J., Callow, N., & Williams, D. (2013). Transormational leadership and task cohesion in sport: The mediating role of ıntrateam communication. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9, 249-257. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.10.002
  • Smoll, F. L., & Smith, R. E. (1989). Leadership behaviours in sport: A theoretical model and research paradigm. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 1522-1551.
  • Smoll, F. L., Smith, R. E., Barnett, J. J., & Everett , J. J. (1993). Enhancement of children's self-esteem through social support training for youth sport coaches. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 602-610.
  • Strauss , A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grouned theory procedures and techniques. Sage Publications.
  • Wagner, M. G. (2006). On the scientific relevance of esports. Internet Computing and Computer Games Development, (pp. 437-442).
  • Williams, J. M., & Widmeyer, N. W. (1991). The cohesion-performance outcome relationship in coaching sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(4), 364-371.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayınları.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology of Sports
Journal Section Social & Behavioral Sciences
Authors

Orçun Keçeci 0000-0002-1909-409X

Veli Onur Çelik 0000-0002-7865-6531

Early Pub Date March 14, 2024
Publication Date April 29, 2024
Submission Date October 23, 2023
Acceptance Date February 8, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Keçeci, O., & Çelik, V. O. (2024). A Qualitative Study on E-Sports Players’ Leadership Perceptions Regarding Their Team Coaches. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 15(1), 144-166. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1380150