Interaction of Overweight and Pronated Foot on Ground Reaction Force Frequency Content During Running

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 316 - 327, 28.08.2024

Amirali Jafarnezhadgero , Ehsan Fakhri Mirzanag , Hamed Sheikhalizadeh , Hamed Parsa

https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1409700

Öz

Being overweight can influence the occurrence of pronated feet (PF). This research aimed to assess the interaction effect of overweight and PF along with sex on the frequency content of ground reaction forces (GRFs). 104 young male and female adults were allocated to four groups: normal body-mass-index/normal feet, normal body-mass-index/PF, excessive weight/normal feet, and excessive weight/PF. Subjects ran at constant speed over the walkway while an embedded force plate was located at the midpoint of the walkway. GRFs were recorded during 20 running trials. Findings demonstrated the significant main effect of “sex” (P<0.001; ɲ2 = 0.392) and “group” (P<0.001; ɲ2 = 0.264) and “sex-by-group interaction” (P<0.001; ɲ2 = 0.442) for an essential number of harmonic in the vertical direction. Overall, our results showed sex, body mass index, and foot type could possibly affect GRF frequency content while running. The paired-wise comparison demonstrated lower Ne in the vertical direction in the females than in the males. The paired-wise comparison demonstrated the greatest Ne in the vertical direction in the normal weight/normal foot group than the of other groups. These findings could be used for designing rehabilitation protocols (e.g., strength training) for individuals with overweight/obesity or PF and or both of them.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ground reaction force, Overweight, Pronated feet

Kaynakça

• Amiri, P., Hubley-Kozey, C., Landry, S., Stanish, W., & Wilson, J. A. (2015). Obesity is associated with prolonged activity of the quadriceps and gastrocnemii during gait. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 25(6), 951-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.10.007
• Browning, R. C., & Kram, R. (2007). Effects of obesity on the biomechanics of walking at different speeds. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(9), 1632-1641. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318076b54b
• Dicharry, J. (2010). Kinematics and kinetics of gait: from lab to clinic. Clinics in sports medicine, 29(3), 347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2010.03.013
• Dierks, T., Manal, K., & Hamill, J. (2011). RECENT REVIEWS. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(4), 693-700. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f744f5
• Dodelin, D., Tourny, C., & L’Hermette, M. (2020). The biomechanical effects of pronated foot function on gait. An experimental study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(11), 2167-2177. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13785
• Dugan, S. A., & Bhat, K. P. (2005). Biomechanics and analysis of running gait. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, 16(3), 603-621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2005.02.007
• Ghait, A. S., Mohamed, E. A., Abogazya, A. A., & Behiry, M. A. (2020). The Effect of Obesity on the Magnitude of Quadriceps Angle and Angle of Foot Progression in Adult Females. World, 15(1), 01-06.
• Giakas, G., & Baltzopoulos, V. (1997). Time and frequency domain analysis of ground reaction forces during walking: an investigation of variability and symmetry. Gait & Posture, 5(3), 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(96)01083-1
• Gottschall, J. S., & Kram, R. (2005). Ground reaction forces during downhill and uphill running. Journal of biomechanics, 38(3), 445-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.04.023
• Gruber, A. H., Edwards, W. B., Hamill, J., Derrick, T. R., & Boyer, K. A. (2017). A comparison of the ground reaction force frequency content during rearfoot and non-rearfoot running patterns. Gait & posture, 56, 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.037
• Harding, G. T., Hubley-Kozey, C. L., Dunbar, M. J., Stanish, W. D., & Wilson, J. L. A. (2012). Body mass index affects knee joint mechanics during gait differently with and without moderate knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 20(11), 1234-1242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2012.08.004
• Hazell, T. J., Hamilton, C. D., Olver, T. D., & Lemon, P. W. (2014). Running sprint interval training induces fat loss in women. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(8), 944-950. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0503
• Hunter, J. P., Marshall, R. N., & McNair, P. J. (2005). Relationships between ground reaction force impulse and kinematics of sprint-running acceleration. Journal of applied biomechanics, 21(1), 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.21.1.31
• Huston, L. J., & Wojtys, E. M. (1996). Neuromuscular performance characteristics in elite female athletes. The American journal of sports medicine, 24(4), 427-436. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659602400405
• Jafarnezhadgero, A. A., Jahangirpour, A., Parsa, H., Sajedi, H., Granacher, U., & Souza Oliveira, A. (2023). The impact of excessive body weight and foot pronation on running kinetics: a cross-sectional study. Sports medicine-open, 9(1), 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-023-00663-8
• Lee, D.-C., Brellenthin, A. G., Thompson, P. D., Sui, X., Lee, I.-M., & Lavie, C. J. (2017). Running as a key lifestyle medicine for longevity. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 60(1), 45-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2017.03.005
• Matijevich, E. S., Branscombe, L. M., Scott, L. R., & Zelik, K. E. (2019). Ground reaction force metrics are not strongly correlated with tibial bone load when running across speeds and slopes: Implications for science, sport and wearable tech. PloS one, 14(1), e0210000. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210000
• McGrath, D., Judkins, T. N., Pipinos, I. I., Johanning, J. M., & Myers, S. A. (2012). Peripheral arterial disease affects the frequency response of ground reaction forces during walking. Clinical Biomechanics, 27(10), 1058-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2012.08.004
• Mousavi, S. H., Hijmans, J. M., Rajabi, R., Diercks, R., Zwerver, J., & van der Worp, H. (2019). Kinematic risk factors for lower limb tendinopathy in distance runners: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait & posture, 69, 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.011
• Munteanu, S. E., & Barton, C. J. (2011). Lower limb biomechanics during running in individuals with achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review. Journal of foot and ankle research, 4(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-4-15
• Phinyomark, A., Hettinga, B. A., Osis, S. T., & Ferber, R. (2014). Gender and age-related differences in bilateral lower extremity mechanics during treadmill running. PloS one, 9(8), e105246. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105246
• Powell, A., Teichtahl, A. J., Wluka, A. E., & Cicuttini, F. (2005). Obesity: a preventable risk factor for large joint osteoarthritis which may act through biomechanical factors. British journal of sports medicine, 39(1), 4-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.011841
• Rodrigues, P., TenBroek, T., & Hamill, J. (2013). Runners with anterior knee pain use a greater percentage of their available pronation range of motion. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 29(2), 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.2.141
• Sarkar, A., Singh, M., Bansal, N., & Kapoor, S. (2011). Effects of obesity on balance and gait alterations in young adults. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 55(3), 227-233.
• Schneider, E., & Chao, E. (1983). Fourier analysis of ground reaction forces in normals and patients with knee joint disease. Journal of biomechanics, 16(8), 591-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(83)90109-4
• Sinclair, J., & Taylor, P. J. (2014). Sex differences in tibiocalcaneal kinematics. Human Movement, 15(2), 105-109. https://doi.org/10.2478/humo-2014-0010
• Stergiou, N., Giakas, G., Byrne, J. E., & Pomeroy, V. (2002). Frequency domain characteristics of ground reaction forces during walking of young and elderly females. Clinical Biomechanics, 17(8), 615-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(02)00072-4
• Sylvestre, C. (2019). Differences in Running Mechanics and Tibial Plateau Dimensions between Overweight/Obese and Healthy Weight Children: South Dakota State University.
• Wearing, S., Hennig, E., Byrne, N., Steele, J., & Hills, A. (2006). The biomechanics of restricted movement in adult obesity. Obesity reviews, 7(1), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00215.x
• White, R., Agouris, I., & Fletcher, E. (2005). Harmonic analysis of force platform data in normal and cerebral palsy gait. Clinical Biomechanics, 20(5), 508-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.01.001
• White, R., Agouris, I., Selbie, R., & Kirkpatrick, M. (1999). The variability of force platform data in normal and cerebral palsy gait. Clinical biomechanics, 14(3), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(99)80003-5
• Willems, T. M., De Clercq, D., Delbaere, K., Vanderstraeten, G., De Cock, A., & Witvrouw, E. (2006). A prospective study of gait related risk factors for exercise-related lower leg pain. Gait & posture, 23(1), 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.12.004
• Winter, D. A. (2009). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement: John wiley & sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470549148
• Wu, C. H. (2015). Does the increase in body weight change the knee and ankle joint loading in walking and running?
• Wurdeman, S. R., Huisinga, J. M., Filipi, M., & Stergiou, N. (2011). Multiple sclerosis affects the frequency content in the vertical ground reaction forces during walking. Clinical Biomechanics, 26(2), 207-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.021
• Zadpoor, A. A., & Nikooyan, A. A. (2011). The relationship between lower-extremity stress fractures and the ground reaction force: a systematic review. Clinical biomechanics, 26(1), 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.08.005