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Bir Bölgeselcilik Örneği Olarak KEİ Bağlamında Karabağ Çatışmasının Yansımaları

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 40, 49 - 89, 30.12.2019

Öz

Mevcut çalışma, bölgeselcilik
kavramsallaştırması üzerinden Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü (KEİ)
bağlamında Karabağ çatışmasının etkisi ve yansımalarını araştırmaktadır. Karabağ
çatışmasının, tesis edilmesinden itibaren KEİ’nin duraksamasının başat nedeni
olduğu temel savı çerçevesinde, öncelikle bölge ve bölgeselcilik kavramlarına
ilişkin özet bir açıklama sunmaktadır. İkinci olarak, KEİ’nin doğuşu, evrimi ve
duraksamasına dair bilgi vermektedir. Üçüncü olarak, ulusal ve uluslararası
haber arşivlerinden elde edilen veriler temelinde Karabağ çatışmasının
yansımalarını incelemektedir. Dördüncü olarak, söz konusu verilerin,
bölgeselcilik dahilindeki ilgili alt savlar temelinde yorumlanmasına
çalışılmaktadır. Nihai tahlilde, Karabağ çatışmasının devamlılığı dikkate
alındığında, KEİ’nin gelecekte yüksek durağanlık olasılığı teyit edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

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  • Cogen, Marc. An Introduction to European Intergovernmental Organizations. London and New York: Routledge, 2015.
  • Current Account Balance - BSEC members (US$). Accessed November 1, 2019, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.CAB.XOKA.CD?end=2018&locations=AZ-AM-AL-BG-GE-GR-MD-RO-RU-RS-TR-UA&start=1971&type=points&view=chart
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  • “Davutoğlu: Erivan’da Psikolojik Eşik Aşıldı.” Milliyet, December 13, 2013.
  • “Davutoğlu’s Visit Won’t Give Anything: Giro Manoyan.” ArmenPress, December 11, 2013, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Demirel: İpekyolu Bu Kez Batı’dan Doğu’ya Uzanacak.” Milliyet, September 16, 1997.
  • “Demirel: KEİ Hayal Olmaktan Çıktı.” Hürriyet, April 29, 1997.
  • “Dorukta Gündem Enerji.” Cumhuriyet, June 25, 2002.
  • “DSP Genel Başkanı Bülent Ecevit, Güneydoğu’daki Terörü Önlemek İçin Dış Desteği Kesmek Gerektiğini Söyledi.” Hürriyet, October 27, 1993.
  • “During BSEC Assembly Armenian Delegation Left Room as Protest.” 112.international, November 29, 2017. http://112.international/politics/during-bsec-assembly-armenian-delegation-left-room-as-protest-23152-print.html
  • Ekinci, F. Didem. “Küçük Devlet Dış Politikasında Zafiyet ve Dirençlilik: Ermenistan Örneği.” Ermeni Araştırmaları, no. 61 (2018): 71-106.
  • Elekdağ, Şükrü. “Cumhurbaşkanı Özal’a Açık Mektup.” Milliyet, June 28, 1992.
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  • Erdoğan, Yalçın. “Demirel – Koçaryan Restleşmesi.” Milliyet, June 6, 1998.
  • Erdoğan, Yalçın. “Israra Rağmen Putin Terk Etti.” Hürriyet, June 26, 2007.
  • Exports of Goods and Services – BSEC members (US$). Accessed November 1, 2019. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD?locations=AZ-AM-AL-BG-GE-GR-MD-RO-RU-RS-TR-UA&type=points
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The Implications Of The Karabagh Conflict In The Context Of BSEC As A Regionalism Case

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 40, 49 - 89, 30.12.2019

Öz

This paper inquires the impact and the
implications of the Karabagh conflict in the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)
context through the conceptualization of regionalism. In the framework of the
main argument that the Karabagh conflict stands as a major reason for the stagnation
of the BSEC since its establishment, it first provides a brief account on the
concepts of region and regionalism. Second, it provides information on the
birth, the evolution, and the stagnation of the BSEC. Third, it investigates
the reverberations of the Karabagh conflict on the basis of the data collected
from the national and the international news archives. Fourth, it attempts to
construe the data on the basis of the relevant sub-arguments in regionalism. In
the final analysis, the high likelihood of the stagnation of the BSEC is
affirmed, given the persistence of the Karabagh conflict.

Kaynakça

  • “11 Sign Economic Accord … Pledge Includes Six Old Soviet Republics.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 26, 1992, LexisNexis Academic.
  • Acar, Özgen. “Karadeniz Ekonomi Kuşağının 10. Yılı.” Cumhuriyet, June 25, 2002.
  • Adler, Emmanuel, and Michael Barnett, eds. Security Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Allison, Laura. “Exogenous Factors: Are Other Regions Drivers of Integration?” In Drivers of Integration and Regionalism in Europe and Asia: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Louis Brennan and Philomena Murray, 347-65. London: Routledge, 2015.
  • Alpay, Şahin. “Hakemliğe Gidelim.” Milliyet, November 4, 2000.
  • Andreosso-O’Callaghan, Bernadette. “Trade and Investment Drivers: Qualifying the Type of Economic Integration in a Historical Perspective.” In Drivers of Integration and Regionalism in Europe and Asia: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Louis Brennan and Philomena Murray, 215-31. London: Routledge, 2015.
  • “Armenia Cannot Explain Refusal to Participate at BSEC Meeting.” Trend News Agency, November 28, 2012.
  • “Armenia Will Meet Davutoğlu with Exclamations ‘Renegade Has No Place in Armenia’.” ArmenPress, December 9, 2013, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Armenian FM Participates in OBSEC FMs’ 34th Session.” ArmenPress, July 1, 2016. https://armenpress.am/eng/news/852996/armenian-fm-participates-in-obsec-fmsE28099-34th-session.html
  • “Armenian, Azeri Presidents Fail to Agree on Conflict – Belgian Report.” BBC Monitoring Europe – Political, June 6, 2006.
  • “Armenian, Turkish Foreign Ministers Discuss Ties in İstanbul.” BBC Monitoring Trans Caucasus Unit, November 25, 2008, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Artık Karadeniz’e Yelken Açma Zamanı!” Cumhuriyet, June 19, 2007.
  • “Asrın Projesi.” Star, June 17, 2007.
  • Aybak, Tunç. “Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) and Turkey: Extending European Integration to the East?” In Politics of the Black Sea: Dynamics of Cooperation and Conflict, edited by Tunç Aybak, 31-60. London, New York: I. B. Tauris Publishers, 2001.
  • “Azerbaijan’s and Turkey’s Blockade of Armenia Contradicts Fundamental Principles of PABSEC, Sharmazanov Says in Tirana Sitting.” ArmenPress, June 21, 2018, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Azeriler Ağlıyor.” Türkiye, April 23, 1997.
  • “Azeris, Armenians Accept Peace Invitation.” The Globe and Mail, February 4, 1992, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Baba, Süper Arabulucu.” Hürriyet, April 29, 1997.
  • Berkan, İsmet. “Ermenistan’la Sil Baştan.” Radikal, June 6, 1998.
  • “Black Sea Countries Plan Meeting in Tampa.” St. Petersburg Times, July 24, 1993, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Black Sea Countries Sign Declaration on Transport Cooperation.” BBC Monitoring Kiev Unit, April 11, 2008, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Black Sea Pact.” Journal of Commerce, June 26, 1992, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Bölgesel İşbirliğine Doğru.” Cumhuriyet, October 4, 2004.
  • Börzel, Tanja A., and Thomas Risse. “Introduction.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism, edited by Tanja A. Börzel and Thomas Risse, 1-15. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Brennan, Louis. “International Business as a Driver of Regional Integration in Asia.” In Drivers of Integration and Regionalism in Europe and Asia: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Louis Brennan and Philomena Murray, 199-214. London: Routledge, 2015.
  • Bruter, Michael. Citizens of Europe? The Emergence of a Mass European Identity. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
  • “BSEC at a glance.” Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). Accessed November 8, 2019, www.bsec-organization.org/bsec-at-glance
  • “BSEC Declaration on Regional Conflicts Amended ‘Without Armenia’s Consent’.” Gagrule.net, November 29, 2017. http://gagrule.net/bsec-declaration-regional-conflicts-amended-without-armenias-consent/
  • “BSEC Ministerial Meeting Kicks Off in Armenia’s Capital.” HyeTert, June 28, 2018. https://hyetert.org/2018/06/28/bsec-ministerial-meeting-kicks-off-in-armenia-capital
  • Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of the International Court of Justice, United Nations, accessed October 21, 2019. https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/
  • Checkel, Jeffrey T. “Regional Identities and Communities.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism, edited by Tanja A. Börzel and Thomas Risse, 559-574. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Cogen, Marc. An Introduction to European Intergovernmental Organizations. London and New York: Routledge, 2015.
  • Current Account Balance - BSEC members (US$). Accessed November 1, 2019, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.CAB.XOKA.CD?end=2018&locations=AZ-AM-AL-BG-GE-GR-MD-RO-RU-RS-TR-UA&start=1971&type=points&view=chart
  • “Davutoğlu Gives Interview to Turkish Journalists in Yerevan.” ArmenPress, December 12, 2013, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Davutoğlu: Erivan’da Psikolojik Eşik Aşıldı.” Milliyet, December 13, 2013.
  • “Davutoğlu’s Visit Won’t Give Anything: Giro Manoyan.” ArmenPress, December 11, 2013, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Demirel: İpekyolu Bu Kez Batı’dan Doğu’ya Uzanacak.” Milliyet, September 16, 1997.
  • “Demirel: KEİ Hayal Olmaktan Çıktı.” Hürriyet, April 29, 1997.
  • “Dorukta Gündem Enerji.” Cumhuriyet, June 25, 2002.
  • “DSP Genel Başkanı Bülent Ecevit, Güneydoğu’daki Terörü Önlemek İçin Dış Desteği Kesmek Gerektiğini Söyledi.” Hürriyet, October 27, 1993.
  • “During BSEC Assembly Armenian Delegation Left Room as Protest.” 112.international, November 29, 2017. http://112.international/politics/during-bsec-assembly-armenian-delegation-left-room-as-protest-23152-print.html
  • Ekinci, F. Didem. “Küçük Devlet Dış Politikasında Zafiyet ve Dirençlilik: Ermenistan Örneği.” Ermeni Araştırmaları, no. 61 (2018): 71-106.
  • Elekdağ, Şükrü. “Cumhurbaşkanı Özal’a Açık Mektup.” Milliyet, June 28, 1992.
  • Elekdağ, Şükrü. “KEİ’nin Zaafiyetleri.” Milliyet, May 5, 1997.
  • Erdoğan, Yalçın. “Demirel – Koçaryan Restleşmesi.” Milliyet, June 6, 1998.
  • Erdoğan, Yalçın. “Israra Rağmen Putin Terk Etti.” Hürriyet, June 26, 2007.
  • Exports of Goods and Services – BSEC members (US$). Accessed November 1, 2019. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD?locations=AZ-AM-AL-BG-GE-GR-MD-RO-RU-RS-TR-UA&type=points
  • Fawcett, Louise. “Drivers of Regional Integration: Historical and Comparative Perspectives.” In Drivers of Integration and Regionalism in Europe and Asia: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Louis Brennan and Philomena Murray, 34-51. London: Routledge, 2015.
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  • “Gözler KEİ Pastasında.” Milliyet, July 4, 1997.
  • “Hain Füzelerin Parasını, Rum Kilisesi Vermiş.” Hürriyet, June 8, 1997.
  • Hambardzumian, Artak. “Azeri, Turkish Diplomats Attend Regional Meeting in Armenia.” Azatutyun, June 27, 2018. https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29323580.html
  • Harden, Blaine. “Brief Turkish-Armenian Thaw is Chilled: Unforgiving Memories, Region’s New Hostilities Derail Attempt to Erase an Old Antagonism.” The Washington Post, March 30, 1992.
  • Haupt, Robert. “Black Sea Pact Aims at Peace and Prosperity.” Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), June 26, 1992, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Hepimiz Karadenizliyiz.” Hürriyet, June 26, 2007.
  • Hussain, Imtiaz, and Roberto Dominguez. North American Regionalism and Global Spread. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • “İnal Batu’dan BM’ye Ermeni İşgalleri Hakkında Eleştiri.” Türkiye, November 14, 1993.
  • “Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği veya Barış Mantığı.” Radikal, June 5, 2007.
  • “Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği!” Cumhuriyet, June 26, 2007.
  • “Karadeniz Yükseliyor, KEİ de Beraberinde.” Hürriyet, February 14, 2007.
  • “Karadeniz’de Enerji Savaşları ve Rusya-Türkiye İlişkileri.” Yeni Şafak, June 26, 2007.
  • “Karadeniz’e KEİ Mühürü.” Radikal, June 5, 1998.
  • “Karadeniz’in Kalbi İstanbul’da Atıyor.” Yeni Şafak, June 25, 2002.
  • “Kaybedilen Karadeniz.” Sabah, June 24, 2007.
  • “KEİ Doruğuna Enerji Gölgesi.” Cumhuriyet, June 26, 2007.
  • “KEİ Fırsatını İyi Kullanamadık.” Yeni Şafak, April 7, 2003.
  • “KEİ’nin 10’uncu Yaşı.” Radikal, June 25, 2002.
  • “KEİ’ye Yeni Vizyon Gerek.” Hürriyet, June 25, 2007.
  • Kerimhkanov, Abdul. “Armenia’s Hopes for BSEC are Meaningless.” AzerNews, November 8, 2018. https://www.azernews.az/region/140546.html
  • Kılıç, Yavuz. “İşbirliği Karadeniz’de Battı.” Milliyet, May 1, 1997.
  • Kim, Soo Yeon, Edward D. Mansfield, and Helen V. Milner, “Regional Trade Governance.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism, edited by Tanja A. Börzel and Thomas Risse, 323-350. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • “Komşular Terör Suçu İşliyor.” Milliyet, June 8, 1997.
  • Koter, Marek. “The Geographical-Historical Region: Its Notion, Origin and Factors in its Development.” In Region and Regionalism: Social and Political Aspects, edited by Marek Koter, 7-26. Opole, Lodz: Silesian Institute in Opole, 1995.
  • Köylü, Hilal. “Karadeniz Ülkeleri Zirvesine Enerjide Rus-Türk Çekişmesi Damgasını Vurdu.” Radikal, June 26, 2007.
  • Libaridian, Gerard J. Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 2007.
  • Mahmutoğlu, Gülnihal. “Trade Creation and Trade Diversion in the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Area: A Gravity Approach.” Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Economics, Bilkent University, 1998.
  • Manoli, Panagiota. The Dynamics of Black Sea Subregionalism. London: Routledge, 2012.
  • “Medeniyet Dersi: İstanbul’da Ermeni Bayrağı.” Hürriyet, March 2, 2002.
  • “Minister Says Black Sea Organization to be Reformed Under Turkish Presidency.” BBC Monitoring Europe, April 20, 2007, LexisNexis Academic.
  • Mittelman, James, and Richard Falk. “Global Hegemony and Regionalism.” In Regionalism in the Post-Cold War World, edited by Stephen C. Calleya, 3-22. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2000.
  • Moxon-Browne, Edward. “The Role of Institutions in Regional Integration: A Comparative Reflection.” In Drivers of Integration and Regionalism in Europe and Asia: Comparative Perspectives, edited by Louis Brennan and Philomena Murray, 70-81. London: Routledge, 2015.
  • “Nalbandyan: Sınır Koşulsuz Açılsın.” Cumhuriyet, November 25, 2008.
  • “New Project for Black Sea Countries Presented in Armenia.” BBC Monitoring Trans Caucasus Unit, April 3, 2008.
  • “No Meeting to be Held between Armenia’s President and Ahmet Davutoğlu.” ArmenPress, December 13, 2013, LexisNexis Academic.
  • Page, Sheila. Regionalism Among Developing Countries. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 2000.
  • Palmer, John. “Turkey Offers EC Delay in Return for Regional Role.” The Guardian, March 9, 1992, LexisNexis Academic.
  • Pope, Hugh. “Black Sea States Lay Aside Rivalries in Pursuit of Unity.” The Independent, February 4, 1992, LexisNexis Academic.
  • Pope, Hugh. “Turkey in Tentative Talks with Armenia.” The Independent, December 29, 1990, LexisNexis Academic.
  • Pope, Hugh. “Summit Declaration on Black Sea Economic Cooperation Signed Today.” The Independent, June 25, 1992, LexisNexis Academic.
  • Pope, Hugh. “Black Sea States in Search of a Joint Identity.” The Independent, June 26, 1992, LexisNexis Academic.
  • Randal, Jonathan C. “Turkey Woos Its Ex-Communist Neighbors.” The Washington Post, February 4, 1992, LexisNexis Academic.
  • RhodesMRC. “Black Sea Economic Cooperation.” Accessed September 30, 2019, https://www.rhodesmrc.org/2010bsec.php
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  • Robbins, Gerald. “Maquiladoras in the Caucasus.” Journal of Commerce, March 23, 1992, LexisNexis Academic.
  • Robbins, Gerald. “Turkey, Gateway to Soviet Trade.” Journal of Commerce, September 27, 1991, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Romania: Black Sea Forum Discusses “Frozen Conflicts” in Armenia, Moldova.” BBC Monitoring Europe – Political, June 5, 2006, LexisNexis Academic. “Rusya Ne Yapmaya Çalışıyor?” Hürriyet, June 27, 2007.
  • Safaryan, Styopa. “Armenia and the Black Sea Region: 16-Year-Old Variable Geometry with Remaining Local Constants.” Xenophon Paper, no. 2 (2007): 11-25.
  • Şen, Faruk. “The Black Sea Economic Cooperation: A Supplement to the European Community.” Aussenpolitik 44, no. 3 (1993): 281-287.
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  • Söderbaum, Fredrik. “Exploring the Links between Micro-Regionalism and Macro-Regionalism.” In Global Politics of Regionalism, edited by Mary Farrell, Björn Hettne and Luk Van Langenhove, 87-103. London, Ann Arbor: Pluto Press, 2005.
  • Söderbaum, Fredrik. “Old, New, and Comparative Regionalism: The History and Scholarly Development of the Field.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism, edited by Tanja A. Börzel and Thomas Risse, 16-37. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • “Summit Silence Reflects Hopes for CIS Solution.” Courier-Mail, June 26, 1992, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Tansu Çiller’den Avrupa’ya KEİ Kozu.” Milliyet, February 2, 1997.
  • “Tarihi Konuları Tarihçiler Çözmeli.” Yeni Asya, April 27, 2008.
  • “Teröre Karşı Büyük İşbirliği.” Türkiye, October 22, 1997.
  • Tınç, Ferai. “Dış Politikanın da Hesabı Sorulmalı.” Hürriyet, January 11, 1998.
  • Toptaş, Ayşenur. “The Fundamentals of the European Economic Community and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation: A Renewed Institutional Architecture for the BSEC.” Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Department of Management, Bilkent University, 1993.
  • Türenç, Tufan. “Koçaryan Kafası İşte…” Hürriyet, June 6, 1998.
  • Turgut, Hulusi. “Çankaya’da En Sıcak Yıl 12B: Ermeniler, Tarihten Husumet Çıkarıyor.” Sabah, June 10, 1999.
  • “Turkey Hopes Its Ship is Coming in.” The Guardian, February 3, 1992, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Turkish Foreign Minister Warns Armenia over Land Claims.” BBC Monitoring Europe – Political (from the text of report in English by Hürriyet), July 18, 2013.
  • Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA), Journal of Minutes, Term 19, Volume 4, Legislative Year 1, Session 41, February 26, 1992: 403-408.
  • Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA), Minutes of Plenary Session, Term 22, Legislative Year 1, Session 31, February 2003, accessed September 30, 2019. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/tutanak_g_sd.birlesim_baslangic?P4=8545&P5=B&page1=43&page2=43
  • “Turkish President Agrees with Armenian Deputy FM – BSEC is Not Platform for Discussing NK Conflict.” ArmenPress, May 22, 2017, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Turkish President Says Black Sea Organization Needs New Dynamism.” BBC Monitoring Europe - Political, June 25, 2008, LexisNexis Academic.
  • “Türkiye Arabulucu Değil.” Cumhuriyet, April 17, 2009.
  • “Türkiye’nin Karadeniz Atağı.” Milliyet, October 30, 2006.
  • Zentürk, Ardan. “Ermenistan Sorunu.” Dünya, February 7, 1998.
Toplam 120 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

F. Didem Ekinci 0000-0002-2882-7582

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 40

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Ekinci, F. Didem. “The Implications Of The Karabagh Conflict In The Context Of BSEC As A Regionalism Case”. Review of Armenian Studies, sy. 40 (Aralık 2019): 49-89.