FACTS AND COMMENTS

Year 2021, Issue: 43, 9 - 82, 01.10.2021

Alev Kılıç

Abstract

This article covers Turkey-Armenia relations as well as domestic and international developments of Armenia in the period of January-July 2021. The period under review has already been registered in the historical annals as one where the second independent Republic of Armenia (third according to Armenian sources, which also count the Soviet era republic), has waged a war, endured defeat and gone through serious internal havoc and instability. During these uncertain times, Armenia’s government has vacillated between adopting a realist and peaceful policy based on regional cooperation and a surrealist and revanchist one encouraged by the Diaspora, the Apostolic Church and western partisan supporters. The defeat in the 2020 Karabakh War against Azerbaijan and its consequences have further increased its dependence on Russia, narrowing Armenia’s margin of double play between Russia and the West. Although the war and the following ceasefire agreement testified to the fact that Karabakh is part of the territory of Azerbaijan and that the question of status is confined solely to the question of what rights are to be accorded to the Armenian minority living in Karabakh, Armenia has nevertheless continued in its contacts with the West to plea for sovereignty over Karabakh. The West did not surprise and once again unscrupulously sided with and further encouraged the Armenian narrative. The US President’s 24 April statement was one such partisan step. The strategic dilemma and vacillation have kept on as well with regards relations with Turkey, as on the one hand, Turkey is seen as an enemy, while on the other hand, the search for regional cooperation and neighborly relations with acknowledged benefits has gained prominence in the agenda. Heavy criticism from the vociferous old guard, unabashedly pro-Russian yet vehemently against the ceasefire and eventually the peace agreement, accusing Pashinyan with treason -one of the lesser disparaging remarks pronounced against him- inevitably led to snap elections. Interestingly, the Diaspora representatives also openly joined the anti-Pashinyan rhetoric. Pashinyan’s landslide victory was a surprise to many.

Keywords

Pashinyan, Ayvazyan, Putin, Lavrov, ceasefire agreement, transport corridors, snap elections, US President’s statement

OLAYLAR VE YORUMLAR

Abstract

Bu incelemede Ermenistan’ın iç ve dış dinamiklerinde ve Türkiye-Ermenistan ilişkilerinde Ocak-July 2021 ayları arasındaki gelişmeler ele alınmaktadır. İncelediğimiz dönem, 1992 yılında tarihinde ikinci kez (Ermeni siyasetçilere göre, Sovyet dönemi de hesaba katılarak üçüncü kez) bağımsız olan Ermenistan devletinin bir savaş yürüttüğü, bir yenilgiye ve ciddi bir iç karışıklık ile istikrarsızlık maruz kaldığı bir zaman dilimi olarak tarihe geçmiştir. Bu dönemde Ermenistan yönetimi; bölgesel işbirliğini esas alan, gerçekçi ve barışçı bir politika ile Diasporanın, Apostolik Kilisenin ve batılı yandaşlarının baskısı ve teşvikiyle, hayalperest ve intikamcı bir strateji benimseme arasında yalpalamıştır. 2020 Karabağ Savaşı yenilgisi Rusya’ya olan bağımlılığını daha da arttırmış, Ermenistan’ın Batı ile Rusya arasında ikili oynama marjını daraltmıştır. Savaş ve ateşkes anlaşmasının Karabağ’ın Azerbaycan’ın toprak bütünlüğü içinde yer aldığını kanıtlamasına, statü konusunun münhasıran Karabağ’da yaşayan Ermeni azınlığa tanınacak haklara inhisar ettiğini göstermesine rağmen, Ermenistan Batı ile temaslarında Karabağ üzerinde hak iddia etme girişimlerini sürdürmüştür. Batı’nın Ermenistan’ı bir kez daha bu iddialarında destekleyen, hatta teşvik eden izansız tutumu şaşırtıcı olmamıştır. ABD Başkanının 24 Nisan açıklaması da bu yönde tarafgir bir adım olmuştur. Türkiye ile ilişkiler konusunda da stratejik ikilem ve yalpalama devam etmiş, Türkiye bir yandan düşman olarak tanımlanırken, diğer taraftan sağlayacağı çıkar açık olan bölgesel işbirliği ve komşuluk ilişkilerinin nasıl geliştirilebileceği arayışı gündeme gelmiştir. Diğer taraftan, bir yandan Rusya’ya kayıtsız şartsız bağlılık beyan eden, diğer yandan ateş-kes anlaşmasına ve izleyecek barış anlaşmasına karşı çıkan eski yönetim önderlerinin ve taraftarlarının Paşinyan’a karşı başlattıkları ses getiren kampanya ve Paşinyan’ı en hafifinden vatana ihanet ile suçlamalar erken seçime gidilmesini kaçınılmaz kılmıştır. İlginç olan, Diasporanın önde gelen temsilcilerinin de Paşinyan aleyhtarı bu kampanyayı açıkça desteklemiş olmalarıdır. Paşinyan’ın seçimlerde sağladığı ezici çoğunluk birçoklarını yanıltmış ve şaşırtmıştır.

Keywords

Paşinyan, Ayvazyan, Putin, Lavrov, ateşkes anlaşması, ulaşım koridorları, erken seçim, ABD Başkanının açıklaması

References

• “‘Armenia’s territorial integrity is our red line’ – Iranian FM says in Yerevan.” ArmenPress, January 27, 2021, https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1041595.html
• “‘Most important objective is to provide for stability and security around Armenia, Artsakh' - PM.” ArmenPress, November 27, 2020, https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1036087/
• “‘Self-determination is a key point in the negotiations on Karabakh’ – Armenian FM.” Jam News, December 10, 2020, https://jam-news.net/armenian-foreign-minister-in-france-ara-ayvazyan-settlement-of-the-karabakh-conflict/
• “17 Armenian Political Parties Demand Resignation Of Nikol Pashinyan and His Team.” Arminfo, November 9, 2020, https://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=57905&lang=3&__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_3cbbab9d9dfa1f239a3379046ac522f0c96b13a9-1627411803-0-gqNtZGzNAjijcnBszQ96
• “26 Parties, Blocs Cleared For Armenian Elections,” Azatutyun, May 31, 2021, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31283049.html
• “AGBU Statement on Transition Government.” Armenian General Benevolent Union, December 11, 2020, https://agbu.org/news-item/agbu-statement-on-transition-government/
• “ANC International Criticizes Foreign Minister for Remarks on Turkey”, Asbarez, February 11, 2021, https://asbarez.com/anc-international-criticizes-foreign-minister-for-remarks-on-turkey/
• “Ara Aivazian: Ankara needs to gain Armenia's trust to achieve peace in South Caucasus”, News.am, December 7, 2020, https://news.am/eng/news/617526.html
• “ARF Bureau strongly condemns statements by Azeri and Turkish leaders.” Armenian Weekly, December 12, 2020, https://armenianweekly.com/2020/12/12/arf-bureau-strongly-condemns-statements-by-azeri-and-turkish-leaders/
• “Armenia and Russia discuss the possibility of expanding the 102nd Russian military base and establishing its foothold in the Syunik region,” Arminfo, April 14, 2021, https://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=61908&lang=3&__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_988586642ee793d201c582ffd691b93230983c0c-1627414725-0-gqNtZGzNAjijcnBszQqO
• “Armenia ARF Calls for Pashinyan’s Immediate Removal,” HyeTert, May 27, 2021, https://hyetert.org/2021/05/27/armenia-arf-calls-for-pashinyans-immediate-removal/
• “Armenia ex-President Kocharyan sues PM Pashinyan.” APA.az, April 8, 2021, https://apa.az/en/cis-countries-news/Armenia-ex-President-Kocharyan-sues-PM-Pashinyan-346343
• “Armenia Marks Genocide Anniversary,” Azatutyun, April 24, 2021, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31220589.html
• “Armenia opens consulate in the Kurdistan Region.” Kurdistan 24, February 25, 2021, https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/24001-Armenia-opens-consulate-in-the-Kurdistan-Region
• “Armenia-Iran dialogue is of strategic importance - Nikol Pashinyan Receives Iran’s Foreign Minister,” Prime Ministry of Armenia, May 26, 2021, https://www.primeminister.am/en/press-release/item/2021/05/26/Nikol-Pashinyan-Mohammad-Javad-Zarif/
• “Armenian premier’s party wins parliamentary vote: Unofficial results,” Anadolu Agency, June 21, 2021, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/armenian-premier-s-party-wins-parliamentary-vote-unofficial-results/2280280
• “Armenian President Blocks Another Government Bill.” Azatutyun, April 23, 2021, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31219190.html
• “Armenian President Objects to ‘Unconstitutional’ Bill on Court.” Azatutyun, April 12, 2021, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31199835.html
• “Armenian President Wants Government To Return $100 Million Donation.” Azatutyun, December 7, 2020, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/30988085.html
• “Azerbaijan demands “mine maps” from Armenia,” Eurasianet, June 11, 2021, https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-demands-mine-maps-from-armenia
• “Azərbaycandakı diplomatik korpusun nümayəndələri Şuşa qalası ilə tanış olublar,” APA, 9 Temmuz 2021, https://apa.az/az/xeber/xarici-siyaset/azerbaycandaki-diplomatik-korpusun-numayendeleri-susa-qalasi-ile-tanis-olublar-foto-651928
• “Catholicos Karekin II Urges Pashinyan to Step Down.” Asbarez, December 8, 2020, https://asbarez.com/199029/karekin-ii-urges-pashinyan-to-step-down/
• “China to donate 100,000,000 yuan to Armenia.” ArmenPress, April 1, 2021, https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1047783.html
• “CSTO Rejects Yerevan’s Appeal for Help in Armenia Border Breach by Azerbaijan,” Asbarez, July 4, 2021, https://asbarez.com/csto-rejects-yerevans-appeal-for-help-in-armenia-border-breach-by-azerbaijan/
• “Disturbing Contradictions by Armenia’s Top Officials on Ties with Ankara.” Asbarez, March 29, 2021, http://asbarez.com/201477/disturbing-contradictions-by-armenias-top-officials-on-ties-with-ankara/
• “Ermenistan Başbakanı Paşinyan: Erken Seçime Hazırım, Darbe Girişiminin Sorumlusu Eski Cumhurbaşkanı Serj Sarkisyan.” BBC Türkçe, 1 Mart 2021, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56237502
• “Ermenistan Cumhurbaşkanı Sarkisyan hastaneye kaldırıldı.” Sputnik Türkiye, 12 Mart 2021, https://tr.sputniknews.com/dunya/202103121044017473-ermenistan-cumhurbaskani-sarkisyan-hastaneye-kaldirildi/ “Ermenistan ordusu muhtıra verdi... Paşinyan: darbe girişimi var.” Gazete Duvar, 25 Şubat 2021, https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/ermenistan-ordusu-muhtira-verdi-pasinyan-darbe-girisimi-var-haber-1514391
• “Ermenistan'da Darbe Girişimi: Paşinyan Halkı Sokağa Çağırdı.” TRT Haber, 25 Şubat 2021, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/ermenistanda-darbe-girisimi-pasinyan-halki-sokaga-cagirdi-559515.html
• “EU-Armenia Partnership Council Discusses Karabakh, Covid-19 Issues.” Hetq, December 18, 2020, https://hetq.am/en/article/125534
• “Foreign Minister Ara Aivazian’s phone conversation with Archbishop Paul Richard Gallagher, the Secretary for Relations with States of the Holy See.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia, March 31, 2021, https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2021/03/31/fm_vatican/10874
• “Foreign Minister Zarif to Visit Baku, Moscow, Yerevan, Tbilisi, Ankara.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran, January 23, 2021, https://en.mfa.ir/portal/newsview/625455/Foreign-Minister-Zarif-to-Visit-Baku-Moscow-Yerevan-Tbilisi-Ankara
• “Foreign Ministry Responds to ANC International’s Concerns.” Asbarez, February 11, 2021, https://asbarez.com/200487/foreign-ministry-responds-to-anc-internationals-concerns/
• “French Senate Speaker to attend Armenian Genocide commemoration in Yerevan,” Public Radio of Armenia, April 22, 2021, https://en.armradio.am/2021/04/22/french-senate-speaker-to-attend-armenian-genocide-commemoration-in-yerevan/
• “Georgian mediation obtains the release of 15 Armenian POWs by Azerbaijan,” Euractiv, June 14, 2021, https://www.euractiv.com/section/eastern-europe/news/georgian-mediation-obtains-the-release-of-15-armenian-pows-by-azerbaijan/
• “Government seeks to take over three public universities,” Asbarez, June 12, 2021, https://asbarez.com/government-wants-to-take-over-3-public-universities/
• “H.Res.1165 - Condemning Azerbaijan's military operation in Nagorno-Karabakh and denouncing Turkish interference in the conflict.” US Congress, October 1, 2020, https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/1165/actions?r=1&s=1
• “Hayk Chobanyan appointed Minister of High Technological Industry.” ArmenPress, April 2, 2021, https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1047905.html
• “Hundreds Protest in Armenia after PM ignores the Deadline to Resign.” Al Jazeera, December 8, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/8/hundreds-protest-in-armenia-after-pm-ignores-deadline-to-resign
• “IMF Staff Concludes Visit to Republic of Armenia.” International Monetary Fund, April 21, 2021, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/04/21/pr21111-armenia-imf-staff-concludes-visit-to-republic-of-armenia
• “Interview of Foreign Minister of Armenia Ara Aivazian to the BBC Weekend programme,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia, April 27, 2021, https://www.mfa.am/en/interviews-articles-and-comments/2021/04/27/Aivazian_BBC/10917
• “Joint Statement by the Heads of Delegation of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair Countries.” OSCE. December 3, 2020, https://www.osce.org/minsk-group/472419
• “Joint statement issued following meeting between Nikol Pashinyan, Vladimir Putin and Ilham Aliyev.” Prime Ministry of Armenia, January 11, 2021, https://www.primeminister.am/en/press-release/item/2021/01/11/Nikol-Pashinyan-Moscow-meeting-Announcement/
• “Lavrov says Erdogan's visit to Shusha was in the context of Ankara-Baku relations,” CCBS, July 1, 2021, https://ccbs.news/en/article/4338/
• “Lithuanian FM visits Armenian Genocide Memorial in Yerevan,” ArmenPress, April 26, 2021, https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1050362.html
• “Mediaport: UNICEF Armenia Country Office head spied in favor of Azerbaijan and Great Britain”, IamMedia.am, March 9, 2021, https://www.iammedia.am/en/post/unicef-6
• “Newspaper: France’s Macron expresses bewilderment over Armenia’s Pashinyan.” News.am, December 26, 2020, https://news.am/eng/news/621007.html
• “No: 160, 24 April 2021, Press Release on 24 April.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, April 24, 2021, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-160_-24-nisan-hk.en.mfa
• “No: 74, 26 February 2021, Press Release Regarding the 29th Anniversary of the Khojaly Massacre.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, February 26, 2021, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-74_-hocali-katliaminin-29-yildonumu-hk.en.mfa
• “No: 92, 11 March 2021, Press Release Regarding the Release of Terrorist Hampig Sassounian Who Had Murdered Kemal Arıkan, Consul General of the Republic of Turkey in Los Angeles.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, March 11, 2021, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-92_-sehit-los-angeles-bk-kemal-arikan-in-katili-teroristin-saliverilmesi-hk.en.mfa.
• “No:199/21, Information of the Press Service Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan on another provocation by Armenia in the direction of Kalbajar region of Azerbaijan,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan, May 27, 2021, https://www.mfa.gov.az/en/news/no19921-information-of-the-press-service-department-of-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-republic-of-azerbaijan-on-another-provocation-by-armenia-in-the-direction-of-kalbajar-region-of-azerbaijan
• “Opposition Names Vazgen Manukyan Candidate for Prime Minister.” The Armenian Mirror-Spectator, December 3, 2020, https://mirrorspectator.com/2020/12/03/opposition-names-vazgen-manukyan-candidate-for-prime-minister/
• “Pashinian Vows Post-Election ‘Vendettas’,” Azatutyun, June 8, 2021, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31296393.html
• “Pashinyan and Macron Discuss Situation in Nagorno-Karabakh.” MassisPost, January 7, 2021, https://massispost.com/2021/01/pashinyan-and-macron-discuss-situation-in-nagorno-karabakh/ “Pashinyan comments on factors behind US recognition of Armenian Genocide,” ArmenPress, May 3, 2021, https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1051078/
• “Putin Calls On Leaders Of CSTO Member States To Support Armenia's Prime Minister.” RFL/RL, December 2, 2020, https://www.rferl.org/a/putin-calls-on-leaders-of-csto-member-states-to-support-armenia-s-prime-minister/30980306.html
• “Putin, Pashinyan meet in Moscow.” Anadolu Agency, April 7, 2021, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/putin-pashinyan-meet-in-moscow/2201463
• “QA-124, 28 December 2020, Statement of the Spokesperson of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Hami Aksoy in Response to a Question Regarding the Attacks Carried Out By Armenian Elements Who Refused to Lay Down Their Weapons Against Azerbaijani Armed Forces in Azerbaijan’s Hocavend Region.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, December 28, 2020, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/sc_-124_hocavend-rayonunda-silah-birakmayan-ermeni-gruplarin-azerbaycan-ordusuna-yonelik-saldirilar-hk-sc.en.mfa
• “Robert Kocharian: The Current Authorities Consciously or Unconsciously did Everything to Make This War Inevitable.” Arminfo, December 5, 2020, https://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=58982&lang=3
• “Robert Kocharyan: ‘We will win Armenia’s next election’.” OC Media. January 28, 2021, https://oc-media.org/robert-kocharyan-we-will-win-armenias-next-election/
• “Russian FM Lavrov's visit to Armenia leaves many questions unanswered,” Jam News, May 6, 2021, https://jam-news.net/russian-fm-lavrovs-visit-to-armenia-leaves-many-questions-unanswered/
• “Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh.” RFL/RL, March 25, 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-language-official-status-nagorno-karabakh/31169752.html
• “Secretary Blinken’s Call with Armenian Prime Minister Pashinyan.” US Department of State, March 5, 2021, https://www.state.gov/secretary-blinkens-call-with-armenian-prime-minister-pashinyan/
• “South Caucasus: Visit of Foreign Affairs Ministers of Austria, Lithuania and Romania mandated by High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell,” European Union External Action Service, June 23, 2021, https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/100571/south-caucasus-visit-foreign-affairs-ministers-austria-lithuania-and-romania-mandated-high_en
• “State calls for Azerbaijan to pull back forces from Armenia border,” The Hill, May 14, 2021, https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/553648-state-calls-for-azerbaijan-to-pull-back-forces-from-armenia-border
• “Statement by President Joe Biden on Armenian Remembrance Day.” US White House, April 24, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/24/statement-by-president-joe-biden-on-armenian-remembrance-day/
• “Statement of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs.” OSCE, December 14, 2020, https://www.osce.org/minsk-group/473649
• “Ter-Petrosian Calls For Armenian PM’s ‘Immediate Resignation’.” Mirror Spectator, March 18, 2021, https://mirrorspectator.com/2021/03/18/ter-petrosian-calls-for-armenian-pms-immediate-resignation/
• “The comment of the Foreign Ministry of Armenia on the declaration signed by the Presidents of Turkey and Azerbaijan,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia, June 17, 2021, https://www.mfa.am/en/interviews-articles-and-comments/2021/06/17/mfa_statement_on_the_decl/10995
• “The letter of Foreign Minister Ara Aivazian to the UN Secretary General.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia, January 13, 2021. https://www.mfa.am/en/press-releases/2021/01/13/UN_SG_letter/10751
• “Turkey: France’s resolution recognizing Nagorno-Karabakh as independent republic ‘biased, unrealistic’.” Daily Sabah, November 26, 2020, https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/turkey-frances-resolution-recognizing-nagorno-karabakh-as-independent-republic-biased-unrealistic
• “Türk-Rus Ortak Merkezi’nin İlk Görüntüleri Ortaya Çıktı.” Sözcü, 30 Ocak 2021, https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2021/dunya/turk-rus-ortak-merkezinin-ilk-goruntuleri-ortaya-cikti-6235796/
• “U.S. is Concerned with Turkey’s Role in Karabakh.” Asbarez, December 8, 2020, https://asbarez.com/199036/u-s-is-concerned-with-turkeys-role-in-karabakh/
• “UK Minister for European Neighborhood to visit Armenia.” MediaMax, February 16, 2021. https://mediamax.am/en/news/foreignpolicy/41937/
• “USA once again demonstrates its unwavering commitment to protecting universal values – Pashinyan,” ArmenPress, April 24, 2021, https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1050280/
• “Using 1915 incidents for politics saddens Armenians,” Anadolu Agency, April 23, 2021, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/using-1915-incidents-for-politics-saddens-armenians/2218547
• “What Happened and Why: Six Theses.” Mirror Spectator. November 24, 2020. https://mirrorspectator.com/2020/11/24/what-happened-and-why-six-theses/.
• “Yerevan Insists On Ex-Soviet Common Energy Market,” Azatutyun, May 21, 2021, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31267360.html
• Aivazian, Ara. “Statement by Ara Aivazian, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia at the 27th Meeting of the OSCE Ministerial Council.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia, December 3, 2020, https://www.mfa.am/en/speeches/2020/12/03/OSCE_Ministerial/10688
• Armenian, Sarig. “The Pashinyan Amateur Hour in Armenia.” California Courier, December 15, 2020, https://www.armenianclub.com/2020/12/15/the-california-courier-online-december-17-2020-2/
• Aza Babayan, “Deal On Karabakh’s Status Not Urgent For Russia”, Azatutyun, January 18, 2021, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31051257.html
• Demourian, Avet. “Armenia's prime minister offers to discuss early election.” Associated Press, December 25, 2020, https://news.yahoo.com/armenias-prime-minister-offers-discuss-200155575.html
• Felgenhauer, Pavel. “Russia’s Iskander Missiles Fail in Karabakh but Cause Crisis in Armenia.” Jamestown Foundation, 25 February 2021, https://jamestown.org/program/russias-iskander-missiles-fail-in-karabakh-but-cause-crisis-in-armenia/
• Joshua Kuchera, “What’s the future of Azerbaijan’s ‘ancestral lands’ in Armenia?,” Eurasianet, July 16, 2021, https://eurasianet.org/whats-the-future-of-azerbaijans-ancestral-lands-in-armenia
• Melikyan, Karine. “Armenia’s Foreign Trade Turnover Decreased in 2020 by 13.2% per annum.” Finport, February 9, 2021, https://finport.am/full_news.php?id=43617&lang=3
• Saribekian, Gayane. “Opposition Leaders Insist on Pashinian’s Resignation.” Azatutyun. December 29, 2020, https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31025195.html
• Sarkissian, Armen. “Towards the Fourth Republic.” Presidency of Armenia, January 11, 2021, https://www.president.am/en/press-release/item/2021/01/11/President-Armen-Sarkissians-article/
• Yinanç, Barçın. “Turkey warns its foreign missions against ‘ASALA threat’.” Yetkin Report, January 28, 2021, https://yetkinreport.com/en/2021/01/28/turkey-warns-its-foreign-missions-against-asala-threat/