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RED ARMY PROPAGANDA IN THE ARMENIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC: AN INVESTIGATION ON POSTERS

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 43, 109 - 140, 01.10.2021

Öz

After the October Revolution in Russia, in early 1918, the Board of People's Commissars, headed by V.I. Lenin, decided to form an army of volunteer workers and peasants to ensure internal and external security. The red color symbolizing the Bolsheviks was added to the name of the army. Visual materials for the ideological purposes of the Soviet Union (SU) had been widely used since 1918 with slogans supporting political discourse. Much propaganda was made towards all components of the SU (the Republic, region, autonomous administration, and all Soviet citizens) for the acceptance and support of the Red Army. One of the republics that made up SU was the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). The aim was the acceptance by the Armenian people of the Red Army, which had ended the Republic of Armenia at the end of 1920 that had been declared independent by the Armenian National Council under the control of the Dashnaksutyun. Another aim was to receive the support of the Armenian people for the Red Army as a security institute. This article discusses Red Army-themed posters, the main elements of the Red Army’s image, and the causality of these elements within the propaganda activities in the ASSR. The mentioned visual works were created by Soviet artists in the years between 1920 and 1960. This article analyzes the elements of visual materials, Roland Barthes’s semiotic approach and the meanings of cultural symbols, the dynamics of transition from the Russian state to the Soviet context and its effects on Soviet political power. This qualitative analysis study reveals that, after the Red Army's entry into Armenia in 1920 and the establishment of the Armenian Red Army, the ideological purpose of the Red Army's incorporation of the far-flung Armenia into the SU was sought to be explained, the need for ensuring the internal and external security of the expanding SU geographical boundaries was strongly emphasized.

Kaynakça

  • “‘Ով ուժեղ է ոդում, նա մեր ժամանակ ընդհանրապես ուժեղ ե’ Կ. Վորոշիլով”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:199
  • “Armenian Ephemera”. University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Library, http://idep.library.ucla.edu/armenian-ephemera
  • “Soviet Armenian Posters”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021. https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/collection=Soviet+Armenian+Posters
  • “Видеообращение Председателя Государственной Думы Федерального собрания Российской Федерации, председателя Российского исторического общества С.Е. Нарышкина к посетителям виртуальной выставки к 1150-летию зарождения российской государственности”. Rusarchives.ru, accessed July 20, 2021, http://projects.rusarchives.ru/statehood/index.shtml
  • “Декрет об организации Рабоче-Крестьянской Красной Армии”. January 15 (28), 1918, official document, Moskovskiy Gosudarstvennıy Unıversitet imeni M.V. Lomonosova, http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/DEKRET/rkka.htm
  • “Пусть растет и крепнет Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия зоркий часовой социалистической родины”, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:325
  • “Բայլշեվիկորեն տիրապետենք ռազմական տեխնիկային”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:407
  • “Կարմիր բանակին տանք մարտականորեն կոփված զորակոչիկներ”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:80
  • “Հառա'ջ թշնամու վրա դյուցազներ սովետական երկրի”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:158
  • “Մեր երթին վախճան չկա, մեր պայծառ գործին՝ պարտություն... Չարենց”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed July 17, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:393
  • “Տանք ֆրոնտին ավելի շատ ծխախոտ ու բամբակ”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:432
  • Ahapkini, Y.A. “Lenin”. Institute of Marxism-Leninism under CCCP of the SU. Moscow: Panorama, 1990.
  • Akan, Mertcan. "Sovyet Propaganda Afişlerinde ‘Doğu’ İmgesi". Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, Sayı 17 (2017).
  • Alkaly, Benjamin. “Beyond the Library Walls”. University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Library, September 16, 2019, https://www.library.ucla.edu/news/beyond-library-walls
  • Barthes, Roland. Roland Barthes. YKY Yayınları. 2015.
  • Baytimur Tuğba, Çakı Caner and Arıca Ferit Arda. “The Propaganda In Armenia Of The Five-Year Development Plans Implemented In The Soviet Union”, Review of Armenian Studies, no. 42 (2020): 81-102
  • Bonnell, Victoria E. Iconography of Power: Soviet Political Posters Under Lenin and Stalin. Berkeley,CA/USA: University of California Press, 1999.
  • Bouzida, Feyrouz. “The Semiology Analysis in Media Studies-Roland Barthes Approach”, Proceedings of SocioInt14-International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, September 8-10, 2014, Istanbul/Turkey, p. 1001-1008.
  • Çağmar, Mehmet. "Nazi Almanya’sında Propaganda Teknikleri". Akademik Tarih ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, Sayı 2 (2020): 191-205.
  • Cahin, Marcel and Clara Zetkin. They Knew Lenin: Reminiscences of Foreign Contemporaries. University Press of the Pacific, 2005.
  • Çakı, Caner, and Mehmet Ali Gazi. "The Use of Nationalism Discourses in the Soviet Propaganda in the Second World War". International Journal of Social Science Research 7, Issue 2 (2018): 291-306.
  • Çetin Muammer, Çakı Caner and Gazi, Mehmet. “The Examination Of The Anti-USA Propaganda Posters In The Iran Revolution According To Claude Lévi-Strauss' Binary Opposition”. International Journal of Social Science/Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / INJOSS Özel Sayı Aralık 2018, 31-51
  • Çetin, Muammer, Caner Çakı and Mehmet Ali Gazi. “The Examination of The Anti-USA Propaganda Posters in The Iran Revolution According to Claude Lévi-Strauss Binary Opposition”. International Journal of Social Sciences (INJOSS) 1, Issue 3 (2018).
  • Chain, Marcel and Clara Zetkin. They Knew Lenin: Reminiscences of Foreign Contemporaries. University Press of the Pacific, 2005.
  • Cheravitch, Joe. “‘Open Your Gates to Us, Wide and Trustingly’: The Foundation of Special Propaganda in the Red Army”. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 33, no.4 (2020): 556-579.
  • Domenach, Jean-Marie. “Leninist Propaganda”. The Public Opinion Quarterly 15, No. 2 (Summer, 1951).
  • Figes, Orlando. “The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920”. Past & Present, no.129 (1990): 168-211.
  • Fiske, John. İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. 5. Basım. Çev. Süleyman İrvan. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, 2017.
  • Glantz, David M. “New from the Russian Archives.” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 31, no.1 (2018): 122-178.
  • Heyman, Neil M. ‘‘Leon Trotsky: Propagandist to the Red Army." Studies in Comparative Communism 10, no. 1/2 (1977): 34-43.
  • Hill, Alexander. “Offense, Defence or the Worst of Both Worlds? Soviet Strategy in May-June 1941”. Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 13, no.1 (2010): 61-74.
  • İnceoğlu, Çağrı. ‘‘Sovyet Propaganda Animasyonlarında Batı ve Batılı İmgesi’’. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, Sayı 19 (2013): 23-40.
  • Işık, Metin, Mehmet Ali Gazi, Caner Çakı ve Gül Çakı. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Amerikan Kütüphane Derneği’nin ABD Ordusuna Yönelik Hazırladığı Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme”. Türk Kütüphaneciliği 35, Sayı 2 (2021): 131-158.
  • Ismailov, Anvar Ismailovich. “On the Issue of Human Losses during the Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945”. Journal of Slavic Military Studies 24, no.2 (2011): 232-237.
  • Jarkov, Vitaly Viktorovich. “Propaganda i agitatsia v Krasnoy Armii v 1921-1944 gg.”. Yaroslavsky Pedagogichesky vestnik, no.1 (2009): 197-204.
  • Kalelioğlu, Murat. “Göstergebilim Kuramının Genel Bir Değerlendirmesi, Türkiye’deki Yeri ve Önemi”. Söylem Filoloji Dergisi 6, Sayı 1 (2021): 189-200.
  • Karakuş, Melis. “Gelenekselden Dijitale Propaganda Araçlarının Dönüşümü”. Selçuk İletişim 14, Sayı 1 (2021): 462-491.
  • Kelly, Bernard. “Drifting Towards War: The British Chiefs of Staff, the USSR and the Winter War, November 1939–March 1940.” Contemporary British History 23, no.3 (2009): 267-291.
  • Koçaş, Sadi. Tarih Boyunca Ermeniler ve Türk Ermeni İlişkileri. Ankara, 1967.
  • Kutskaya, Olesia Nikolayevna and Sergey Ivanovich Dorojkin. “Sovyetskie tehnicheskie sredstva propagandy b period bayevih diestviye Krasnoy Armii na territori Yevropi v godi ftoroy mirovoy vayni”. Revista Militară 11, no.1 (2014): 145-157.
  • Levshin, Konstantin Viktorovich. “Agitatsia i propaganda s massovim dezertirstvom krasnoarmetsev v gody grajdanskoy vayni”. Trudy istoricheskovo fakulteta SPBGU. no. 14 (2013): 158-176.
  • Milov, Leonid Vasylevich, Alexander Sergeyich Barsenkov, Alexander Ivanovich Vdovin, and Svetlana Vladimirovna Voronkova. “Istoriya Rassii XX-nachala XXI veka’’. Moskovskiy Gosudarstvennıy Unıversitet imeni M.V. Lomonosova (Moskva: Eskimo, 2006).
  • Phillips, John. “Roland Barthes and the Coding of Discourse”. National University of Singapore, accessed July 20, 2021, https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elljwp/5codes.htm
  • Pospelov, P.N. V. İlyiç Lenin - Biyografi. Çev. Gönül Özen Sezer. Sorun Yayınları, 2000.
  • Posvyatenko, Aksana Nikolayevna. “Propaganda v voskah Krasnoy Armii v gody Grajdanskoy vayni (1918-1920 gg.)”. Кliо, no.2 (2012): 120-122.
  • Riasanovsky, V. Nicholas ve D. Mark Steinberg. Rusya Tarihi. Çev. Figen Dereli. İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınları, 2011. Russiapedia, https://russiapedia.rt.com/
  • Senn, Alfred Erich. “Perestroika in Lithuanian Historiography: The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact”. The Russian Review 49, no.1 (1990): 43-56.
  • Shin, Boram. “Red Army Propaganda for Uzbek Soldiers and Localised Soviet Internationalism during World War II.” The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 42, no.1 (2015): 39-63.
  • Vayannaya Ensiklopedia. 8 toms. Vaenizdat. Moskva, 2004.
  • Wark, Wesley K. “Coming in from the Cold: British Propaganda and Red Army Defectors, 1945–1952.” The International History Review 9, no.1 (1987): 48-72.
  • Yıldırım, Emek. ‘’Sovyetler Birliği'nde Propaganda ve Proleter Hegemonik İdeolojinin Kurulumu Üzerine’’. Doğu-Batı Düşünce Dergisi. Sayı.69 (2014): 1-26.

ERMENİSTAN SOVYET SOSYALİST CUMHURİYETİ'NDE KIZIL ORDU PROPAGANDASI: AFİŞLER ÜZERİNDEN YAPILAN BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 43, 109 - 140, 01.10.2021

Öz

Rusya'daki Ekim Devrimi'nden sonra, 1918'in başlarında, V.I. Lenin başkanlığındaki Halk Komiserleri Kurulu, iç ve dış güvenliği sağlamak için gönüllü işçi ve köylülerden oluşan bir ordu kurmaya karar verdi. Bolşevikleri simgeleyen kızıl renk ordunun isminin başına eklendi. Sovyetler Birliği'nin (SB) ideolojik amaçları için görsel çalışmalar, 1918'den beri siyasi söylemi destekleyen sloganlarla yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır. Kızıl Ordu'nun kabulü ve desteği için SB'nin tüm bileşenlerine (Cumhuriyet, bölge, özerk yönetim ve tüm Sovyet vatandaşları) yönelik birçok propaganda faaliyeti yapılmıştır. SB'yi oluşturan cumhuriyetlerden biri de Ermenistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti (ESSC) idi. Amaç, Taşnaksutyun’un kontrolü altında Ermeni Ulusal Konseyi tarafından bağımsızlığı ilan edilen Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti’ni 1920’nin sonunda sona erdiren Kızıl Ordu'nun Ermeni halkı tarafından kabul edilmesiydi. Bir diğer hedef ise Kızıl Ordu'nun Ermeni halkı tarafından bir güvenlik kurumu olarak benimsenmesiydi. Bu makalede ESSC’deki propaganda faaliyetleri içinde Kızıl Ordu temalı posterler, Kızıl Ordu imajının ana ögeleri ve bu ögelerin nedenselliği tartışılmaktadır. Çalışmada belirtilen görsel çalışmalar, 1920-1960 yılları arasında Sovyet sanatçılar tarafından yapılmıştır. Bu makale; görsel çalışmaların ana ögelerini, Roland Barthes'in göstergebilimsel yaklaşımını ve sembollerin kültürel anlamlarını, Rus devletinden Sovyet bağlamına geçiş dinamiklerini ve Sovyet siyasi gücü üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Bu nitel analiz çalışması; Kızıl Ordu'nun 1920 yılında Ermenistan'a girmesi ve Ermeni Kızıl Ordu’sunun kurulması ardından, Kızıl Ordu’nun merkezden uzak Ermenistan’ı SB’ye dahil etmesinin ideolojik olarak ispatlanmaya çalışıldığını ve genişleyen SB coğrafi sınırlarının iç ve dış güvenliğinin sağlanmasının önemine güçlü bir şekilde vurgu yapıldığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • “‘Ով ուժեղ է ոդում, նա մեր ժամանակ ընդհանրապես ուժեղ ե’ Կ. Վորոշիլով”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:199
  • “Armenian Ephemera”. University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Library, http://idep.library.ucla.edu/armenian-ephemera
  • “Soviet Armenian Posters”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021. https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/collection=Soviet+Armenian+Posters
  • “Видеообращение Председателя Государственной Думы Федерального собрания Российской Федерации, председателя Российского исторического общества С.Е. Нарышкина к посетителям виртуальной выставки к 1150-летию зарождения российской государственности”. Rusarchives.ru, accessed July 20, 2021, http://projects.rusarchives.ru/statehood/index.shtml
  • “Декрет об организации Рабоче-Крестьянской Красной Армии”. January 15 (28), 1918, official document, Moskovskiy Gosudarstvennıy Unıversitet imeni M.V. Lomonosova, http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/DEKRET/rkka.htm
  • “Пусть растет и крепнет Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия зоркий часовой социалистической родины”, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:325
  • “Բայլշեվիկորեն տիրապետենք ռազմական տեխնիկային”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:407
  • “Կարմիր բանակին տանք մարտականորեն կոփված զորակոչիկներ”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:80
  • “Հառա'ջ թշնամու վրա դյուցազներ սովետական երկրի”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:158
  • “Մեր երթին վախճան չկա, մեր պայծառ գործին՝ պարտություն... Չարենց”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed July 17, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:393
  • “Տանք ֆրոնտին ավելի շատ ծխախոտ ու բամբակ”. University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)-International Digital Ephemera Project, accessed May 4, 2021, https://idep.library.ucla.edu/search#!/document/armeniaposters:432
  • Ahapkini, Y.A. “Lenin”. Institute of Marxism-Leninism under CCCP of the SU. Moscow: Panorama, 1990.
  • Akan, Mertcan. "Sovyet Propaganda Afişlerinde ‘Doğu’ İmgesi". Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, Sayı 17 (2017).
  • Alkaly, Benjamin. “Beyond the Library Walls”. University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Library, September 16, 2019, https://www.library.ucla.edu/news/beyond-library-walls
  • Barthes, Roland. Roland Barthes. YKY Yayınları. 2015.
  • Baytimur Tuğba, Çakı Caner and Arıca Ferit Arda. “The Propaganda In Armenia Of The Five-Year Development Plans Implemented In The Soviet Union”, Review of Armenian Studies, no. 42 (2020): 81-102
  • Bonnell, Victoria E. Iconography of Power: Soviet Political Posters Under Lenin and Stalin. Berkeley,CA/USA: University of California Press, 1999.
  • Bouzida, Feyrouz. “The Semiology Analysis in Media Studies-Roland Barthes Approach”, Proceedings of SocioInt14-International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities, September 8-10, 2014, Istanbul/Turkey, p. 1001-1008.
  • Çağmar, Mehmet. "Nazi Almanya’sında Propaganda Teknikleri". Akademik Tarih ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, Sayı 2 (2020): 191-205.
  • Cahin, Marcel and Clara Zetkin. They Knew Lenin: Reminiscences of Foreign Contemporaries. University Press of the Pacific, 2005.
  • Çakı, Caner, and Mehmet Ali Gazi. "The Use of Nationalism Discourses in the Soviet Propaganda in the Second World War". International Journal of Social Science Research 7, Issue 2 (2018): 291-306.
  • Çetin Muammer, Çakı Caner and Gazi, Mehmet. “The Examination Of The Anti-USA Propaganda Posters In The Iran Revolution According To Claude Lévi-Strauss' Binary Opposition”. International Journal of Social Science/Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / INJOSS Özel Sayı Aralık 2018, 31-51
  • Çetin, Muammer, Caner Çakı and Mehmet Ali Gazi. “The Examination of The Anti-USA Propaganda Posters in The Iran Revolution According to Claude Lévi-Strauss Binary Opposition”. International Journal of Social Sciences (INJOSS) 1, Issue 3 (2018).
  • Chain, Marcel and Clara Zetkin. They Knew Lenin: Reminiscences of Foreign Contemporaries. University Press of the Pacific, 2005.
  • Cheravitch, Joe. “‘Open Your Gates to Us, Wide and Trustingly’: The Foundation of Special Propaganda in the Red Army”. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 33, no.4 (2020): 556-579.
  • Domenach, Jean-Marie. “Leninist Propaganda”. The Public Opinion Quarterly 15, No. 2 (Summer, 1951).
  • Figes, Orlando. “The Red Army and Mass Mobilization during the Russian Civil War 1918-1920”. Past & Present, no.129 (1990): 168-211.
  • Fiske, John. İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. 5. Basım. Çev. Süleyman İrvan. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, 2017.
  • Glantz, David M. “New from the Russian Archives.” The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 31, no.1 (2018): 122-178.
  • Heyman, Neil M. ‘‘Leon Trotsky: Propagandist to the Red Army." Studies in Comparative Communism 10, no. 1/2 (1977): 34-43.
  • Hill, Alexander. “Offense, Defence or the Worst of Both Worlds? Soviet Strategy in May-June 1941”. Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 13, no.1 (2010): 61-74.
  • İnceoğlu, Çağrı. ‘‘Sovyet Propaganda Animasyonlarında Batı ve Batılı İmgesi’’. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, Sayı 19 (2013): 23-40.
  • Işık, Metin, Mehmet Ali Gazi, Caner Çakı ve Gül Çakı. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Amerikan Kütüphane Derneği’nin ABD Ordusuna Yönelik Hazırladığı Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme”. Türk Kütüphaneciliği 35, Sayı 2 (2021): 131-158.
  • Ismailov, Anvar Ismailovich. “On the Issue of Human Losses during the Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945”. Journal of Slavic Military Studies 24, no.2 (2011): 232-237.
  • Jarkov, Vitaly Viktorovich. “Propaganda i agitatsia v Krasnoy Armii v 1921-1944 gg.”. Yaroslavsky Pedagogichesky vestnik, no.1 (2009): 197-204.
  • Kalelioğlu, Murat. “Göstergebilim Kuramının Genel Bir Değerlendirmesi, Türkiye’deki Yeri ve Önemi”. Söylem Filoloji Dergisi 6, Sayı 1 (2021): 189-200.
  • Karakuş, Melis. “Gelenekselden Dijitale Propaganda Araçlarının Dönüşümü”. Selçuk İletişim 14, Sayı 1 (2021): 462-491.
  • Kelly, Bernard. “Drifting Towards War: The British Chiefs of Staff, the USSR and the Winter War, November 1939–March 1940.” Contemporary British History 23, no.3 (2009): 267-291.
  • Koçaş, Sadi. Tarih Boyunca Ermeniler ve Türk Ermeni İlişkileri. Ankara, 1967.
  • Kutskaya, Olesia Nikolayevna and Sergey Ivanovich Dorojkin. “Sovyetskie tehnicheskie sredstva propagandy b period bayevih diestviye Krasnoy Armii na territori Yevropi v godi ftoroy mirovoy vayni”. Revista Militară 11, no.1 (2014): 145-157.
  • Levshin, Konstantin Viktorovich. “Agitatsia i propaganda s massovim dezertirstvom krasnoarmetsev v gody grajdanskoy vayni”. Trudy istoricheskovo fakulteta SPBGU. no. 14 (2013): 158-176.
  • Milov, Leonid Vasylevich, Alexander Sergeyich Barsenkov, Alexander Ivanovich Vdovin, and Svetlana Vladimirovna Voronkova. “Istoriya Rassii XX-nachala XXI veka’’. Moskovskiy Gosudarstvennıy Unıversitet imeni M.V. Lomonosova (Moskva: Eskimo, 2006).
  • Phillips, John. “Roland Barthes and the Coding of Discourse”. National University of Singapore, accessed July 20, 2021, https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elljwp/5codes.htm
  • Pospelov, P.N. V. İlyiç Lenin - Biyografi. Çev. Gönül Özen Sezer. Sorun Yayınları, 2000.
  • Posvyatenko, Aksana Nikolayevna. “Propaganda v voskah Krasnoy Armii v gody Grajdanskoy vayni (1918-1920 gg.)”. Кliо, no.2 (2012): 120-122.
  • Riasanovsky, V. Nicholas ve D. Mark Steinberg. Rusya Tarihi. Çev. Figen Dereli. İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınları, 2011. Russiapedia, https://russiapedia.rt.com/
  • Senn, Alfred Erich. “Perestroika in Lithuanian Historiography: The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact”. The Russian Review 49, no.1 (1990): 43-56.
  • Shin, Boram. “Red Army Propaganda for Uzbek Soldiers and Localised Soviet Internationalism during World War II.” The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 42, no.1 (2015): 39-63.
  • Vayannaya Ensiklopedia. 8 toms. Vaenizdat. Moskva, 2004.
  • Wark, Wesley K. “Coming in from the Cold: British Propaganda and Red Army Defectors, 1945–1952.” The International History Review 9, no.1 (1987): 48-72.
  • Yıldırım, Emek. ‘’Sovyetler Birliği'nde Propaganda ve Proleter Hegemonik İdeolojinin Kurulumu Üzerine’’. Doğu-Batı Düşünce Dergisi. Sayı.69 (2014): 1-26.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Elif Hatun Kılıçbeyli 0000-0001-8263-2009

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 43

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kılıçbeyli, Elif Hatun. “RED ARMY PROPAGANDA IN THE ARMENIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC: AN INVESTIGATION ON POSTERS”. Review of Armenian Studies, sy. 43 (Ekim 2021): 109-40.