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A Historical Overview of the Armenian Diaspora in Germany

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 47, 95 - 117, 25.07.2023

Öz

The Armenians, one of the first nations that come to mind when the term “diaspora” is mentioned, have made this situation a part of their political, social, and cultural identities. On the other hand, Germany is one of the countries with the highest number of immigrants in the world. In this context, the intersection of Armenians and Germany constitutes an interesting experience in the field of migration and diaspora studies. Although it has remained in the background in comparison to the examples where the Armenian Diaspora is highly influential, Germany is one of the prominent countries in which this community has started to grow and become visible. The presence of Turks in Germany, a country where Armenians have begun to be influential not only socially and economically, but also politically, makes it interesting to examine the Armenian Diaspora in Germany from several dimensions. The historical interactions between Germany and Armenians and their relations being shaped by the presence of third parties make the research on Armenians who migrated here significant also for diaspora and migration studies. This study aims to present a brief history of this thriving community and a summary of its political and social activities in Germany.

Kaynakça

  • “Alman hükümeti "soykırım" demekten kaçındı”. Deutsche Welle, 17 Mayıs 2019, https://www.dw.com/tr/alman-h%C3%BCk%C3%BCmeti-soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m-demekten-ka%C3%A7%C4%B1nd%C4%B1/a-48778251, accessed March 5, 2023.
  • “Armenia and Germany attach importance to maintaining positive dynamics of trade turnover growth–Pashinyan”. Arka News Agency, March 3, 2023, https://arka.am/en/news/economy/armenia_and_germany_attach_importance_to_maintaining_positive_dynamics_of_trade_turnover_growth_pash/, accessed February 27, 2023.
  • “Armenian Genocide monument raises Turks’ anger in Cologne”. Tert.am, November 20, 2017, https://www.tert.am/en/news/2017/11/20/armenian-genocide/2543696, accessed June 7, 2023.
  • “Germany”. Office of the High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs (Armenia), http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/61/germany, accessed February 20, 2023.
  • “People and Society”. The World Factbook of the USA Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/#people-and-society, accessed February 8, 2023.
  • Akhiyadov, Mokhmad. “Rusya’daki Ermeni Lobisi ve Medya Gücü”. İNSAMER, 2019: 1-4.
  • Alioglu-al-Burai, Ahmet. “Did Germany use the Armenian genocide vote to blackmail Turkey?”. Middle East Eye. June 16, 2016, https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/did-germany-use-armenian-genocide-vote-blackmail-turkey, accessed June 7, 2023.
  • Alver, Füsun. “Ulus Ötesi Tasarlanmış Cemaat Olarak Ermeni Diasporasının Almanya’da Politik Halkla İlişkiler Çalışmaları ve Geleneksel ve Yeni Medyayı Politik Mücadelede Araçsallaştırması”. Ermeni Araştırmaları, 44 (2013): 85-122.
  • Armenische Gemeinde Baden-Württemberg, https://agbw.org/wichtige-links/, accessed February 22, 2023.
  • Armenische Gemeinde zu Berlin, https://www.armenische-gemeinde-zu-berlin.de/seite/168197/armenische-gemeinde-zu-berlin.html, accessed February 20, 2023.
  • Bihl, Wolfdieter. Die Kaukasus-Politik der Mittelmächte Teil 2: Die Zeit der Versuchten Kaukasischen Staatlichkeit (1917-1918). Wien: Böhlau, 1992.
  • Chaloyan, Astghik. “Studying Transnational Lifestyles: Transnational Social Fields of Second Generation Armenians in Germany”. Armenians Around the World: Migration and Transnationality. ed. Artur Mkrtichyan. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang,, 2015: 107-125.
  • Dabag, Mihran. “Die armenische Minderheit”. Ethnische Minderheiten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Ein Lexikon. hrsg.. von Cornelia Schmalz-Jacobsen und Georg Hansen. München: Beck Verlag, 1995: 61-72.
  • Deutsch-Armenische Gesellschaft, https://www.deutscharmenischegesellschaft.de/eine-seite/, accessed February 20, 2023.
  • Deutscher Bundestag, Erinnerung und Gedenken an den Völkermord an den Armeniern und anderen christlichen Minderheiten in den Jahren 1915 und 1916 (Drucksache 18/8613). 2016.
  • Deutscher Bundestag, Erinnerung und Gedenken an die Vertreibungen und Massaker an den Armeniern 1915 – Deutschland muss zur Versöhnung zwischen Türken und Armeniern beitragen (Drucksache 15/5689). Berlin: H. Heenemann GmbH & Co., 2005.
  • Dreusse, Mareike. “Zwischen Deutschland und Armenien: Die transnationale Diaspora als Akteur sozialen Wandels / Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung zu herkunftslandbezogenen Transferleistungen der armenischen Diaspora in Deutschland”. Abschlussarbeit im Master of Social Sciences and Economics, Universität Wien, 2008.
  • Feigel, Uwe. Das evangelische Deutschland und Armenien: Die Armenierhilfe deutscher evangelischer Christen seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts im Kontext der deutsch-turkischen Beziehungen. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, 1989.
  • Feldman, Lily Gardner. “President Biden’s Recognition of the 1915 Armenian Genocide: Will the German Government Follow?”. American-German Institute, May 12, 2021, https://americangerman.institute/2021/05/president-bidens-recognition-of-the-1915-armenian-genocide/, accessed June 8, 2023.
  • Ghazanchyan, Siranush. “The Embassy on dismantling of Armenian Genocide Memorial in Cologne”. Public Radio of Armenia, May 7, 2022, https://en.armradio.am/2022/05/07/the-embassy-on-dismantling-of-armenian-genocide-memorial-in-cologne/, accessed June 7, 2023.
  • Gümüş, Burak. “Almanya Türkleri ve Ermeni Olayları”. Tesam Akademi Dergisi. 2/1 (2015): 157-194.
  • Hofmann, Tessa. “Die Laender. Armenien- Überleben am Fusse erloschener Vulkane”. Der Kaukasus: Geschichte-Kultur-Politik. hrsg.. Marie-Carin von Gumppenberg und Udo Steinbach. München: Verlag C.H.Beck, 2008: 17-33.
  • Institute for Armenian Studies, http://armstudies.com/en/index.php, accessed February 22, 2023.
  • İyigüngör, Aydan. “The Profile of the Armenian Diaspora in Germany”. Ermeni Araştırmaları, 3 (2001): 258-273.
  • Kılıç, Selami. “Ermeni Propagandaları ve Alman İmparatorluğu’nun Ermeni Politikası: Alman Arşiv Belgeleri Açısından 1917-1918”. Atatürk Yolu. 19 (1997): 265-291.
  • Kılıç, Selami. Ermeni Sorunu ve Almanya: Türk-Alman Arşiv Belgeleriyle. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2007.
  • Knight, Ben. “Germany's role in the Armenian genocide”. Deutsche Welle, April 5, 2018, https://www.dw.com/en/new-report-details-germanys-role-in-armenian-genocide/a-43268266, accessed February 28, 2023.
  • Nikoghosyan, Armenuhi and Sezer İdil Göğüş. “Is the Work Done? Views from Armenians in Germany on the Recognition of the Armenian Genocide”. Prifblog, April 30, 2020, https://blog.prif.org/2020/04/30/is-the-work-done-views-from-armenians-in-germany-on-the-recognition-of-the-armenian-genocide/, accessed June 6, 2023.
  • Ordukhanyan, Azat. Armenier in Deutschland: Geschichte und Gegenwart. Erfurt: Der Ausländerbeauftragte beim Thüringer Ministerium für Soziales, Familie und Gesundheit, 2009.
  • Uras, Esat. Tarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları, 1987.
  • Zenian, David. “The Growing Pains of A New Community”. AGBU Magazine, November 1, 2001, https://agbu.org/growing-pains-new-community, accessed January 3, 2023.
  • Zentralrat der Armenier in Deutschland e.V., http://www.zentralrat.org/de/zentralrat, accessed February 22, 2023.
  • Zurikyan, Sandy. “Armenian Genocide and East Germany”. Keghart, March 2, 2016, https://keghart.org/armenian-genocide-and-east-germany/, accessed June 5, 2023.

Almanya’daki Ermeni Diasporasının Tarihsel Bir Genel Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 47, 95 - 117, 25.07.2023

Öz

“Diaspora” denilince akla gelen ilk uluslardan biri olan Ermeniler; bu durumu siyasi, sosyal ve kültürel kimliklerinin bir parçası haline getirmişlerdir. Öte yandan Almanya dünyada en çok göçmen barındıran ülkelerden biridir. Bu bağlamda Ermeniler ile Almanya'nın kesişmesi göç ve diaspora çalışmaları alanında ilginç bir deneyim oluşturmaktadır. Ermeni Diasporasının etkisinin yüksek olduğu örneklere göre geri planda kalsa da Almanya bu topluluğun gelişmeye ve görünür hale gelmeye başladığı önde gelen ülkelerden biridir. Ermenilerin sosyal ve ekonomik olduğu kadar siyasi olarak da etkili olmaya başladıkları bir ülke olan Almanya'da Türklerin varlığı, Almanya'daki Ermeni Diasporasını çeşitli boyutlarıyla incelemeyi ilginç kılmaktadır. Almanya ve Ermeniler arasındaki tarihsel etkileşimleri ve üçüncü tarafların varlığıyla şekillenen ilişkileri, buraya göç eden Ermeniler üzerine yapılan araştırmaları diaspora ve göç çalışmaları için de önemli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, bu gelişen topluluğun kısa bir tarihini ve Almanya'daki siyasi ve sosyal faaliyetlerinin bir özetini sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • “Alman hükümeti "soykırım" demekten kaçındı”. Deutsche Welle, 17 Mayıs 2019, https://www.dw.com/tr/alman-h%C3%BCk%C3%BCmeti-soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m-demekten-ka%C3%A7%C4%B1nd%C4%B1/a-48778251, accessed March 5, 2023.
  • “Armenia and Germany attach importance to maintaining positive dynamics of trade turnover growth–Pashinyan”. Arka News Agency, March 3, 2023, https://arka.am/en/news/economy/armenia_and_germany_attach_importance_to_maintaining_positive_dynamics_of_trade_turnover_growth_pash/, accessed February 27, 2023.
  • “Armenian Genocide monument raises Turks’ anger in Cologne”. Tert.am, November 20, 2017, https://www.tert.am/en/news/2017/11/20/armenian-genocide/2543696, accessed June 7, 2023.
  • “Germany”. Office of the High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs (Armenia), http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/61/germany, accessed February 20, 2023.
  • “People and Society”. The World Factbook of the USA Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/#people-and-society, accessed February 8, 2023.
  • Akhiyadov, Mokhmad. “Rusya’daki Ermeni Lobisi ve Medya Gücü”. İNSAMER, 2019: 1-4.
  • Alioglu-al-Burai, Ahmet. “Did Germany use the Armenian genocide vote to blackmail Turkey?”. Middle East Eye. June 16, 2016, https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/did-germany-use-armenian-genocide-vote-blackmail-turkey, accessed June 7, 2023.
  • Alver, Füsun. “Ulus Ötesi Tasarlanmış Cemaat Olarak Ermeni Diasporasının Almanya’da Politik Halkla İlişkiler Çalışmaları ve Geleneksel ve Yeni Medyayı Politik Mücadelede Araçsallaştırması”. Ermeni Araştırmaları, 44 (2013): 85-122.
  • Armenische Gemeinde Baden-Württemberg, https://agbw.org/wichtige-links/, accessed February 22, 2023.
  • Armenische Gemeinde zu Berlin, https://www.armenische-gemeinde-zu-berlin.de/seite/168197/armenische-gemeinde-zu-berlin.html, accessed February 20, 2023.
  • Bihl, Wolfdieter. Die Kaukasus-Politik der Mittelmächte Teil 2: Die Zeit der Versuchten Kaukasischen Staatlichkeit (1917-1918). Wien: Böhlau, 1992.
  • Chaloyan, Astghik. “Studying Transnational Lifestyles: Transnational Social Fields of Second Generation Armenians in Germany”. Armenians Around the World: Migration and Transnationality. ed. Artur Mkrtichyan. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang,, 2015: 107-125.
  • Dabag, Mihran. “Die armenische Minderheit”. Ethnische Minderheiten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Ein Lexikon. hrsg.. von Cornelia Schmalz-Jacobsen und Georg Hansen. München: Beck Verlag, 1995: 61-72.
  • Deutsch-Armenische Gesellschaft, https://www.deutscharmenischegesellschaft.de/eine-seite/, accessed February 20, 2023.
  • Deutscher Bundestag, Erinnerung und Gedenken an den Völkermord an den Armeniern und anderen christlichen Minderheiten in den Jahren 1915 und 1916 (Drucksache 18/8613). 2016.
  • Deutscher Bundestag, Erinnerung und Gedenken an die Vertreibungen und Massaker an den Armeniern 1915 – Deutschland muss zur Versöhnung zwischen Türken und Armeniern beitragen (Drucksache 15/5689). Berlin: H. Heenemann GmbH & Co., 2005.
  • Dreusse, Mareike. “Zwischen Deutschland und Armenien: Die transnationale Diaspora als Akteur sozialen Wandels / Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung zu herkunftslandbezogenen Transferleistungen der armenischen Diaspora in Deutschland”. Abschlussarbeit im Master of Social Sciences and Economics, Universität Wien, 2008.
  • Feigel, Uwe. Das evangelische Deutschland und Armenien: Die Armenierhilfe deutscher evangelischer Christen seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts im Kontext der deutsch-turkischen Beziehungen. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, 1989.
  • Feldman, Lily Gardner. “President Biden’s Recognition of the 1915 Armenian Genocide: Will the German Government Follow?”. American-German Institute, May 12, 2021, https://americangerman.institute/2021/05/president-bidens-recognition-of-the-1915-armenian-genocide/, accessed June 8, 2023.
  • Ghazanchyan, Siranush. “The Embassy on dismantling of Armenian Genocide Memorial in Cologne”. Public Radio of Armenia, May 7, 2022, https://en.armradio.am/2022/05/07/the-embassy-on-dismantling-of-armenian-genocide-memorial-in-cologne/, accessed June 7, 2023.
  • Gümüş, Burak. “Almanya Türkleri ve Ermeni Olayları”. Tesam Akademi Dergisi. 2/1 (2015): 157-194.
  • Hofmann, Tessa. “Die Laender. Armenien- Überleben am Fusse erloschener Vulkane”. Der Kaukasus: Geschichte-Kultur-Politik. hrsg.. Marie-Carin von Gumppenberg und Udo Steinbach. München: Verlag C.H.Beck, 2008: 17-33.
  • Institute for Armenian Studies, http://armstudies.com/en/index.php, accessed February 22, 2023.
  • İyigüngör, Aydan. “The Profile of the Armenian Diaspora in Germany”. Ermeni Araştırmaları, 3 (2001): 258-273.
  • Kılıç, Selami. “Ermeni Propagandaları ve Alman İmparatorluğu’nun Ermeni Politikası: Alman Arşiv Belgeleri Açısından 1917-1918”. Atatürk Yolu. 19 (1997): 265-291.
  • Kılıç, Selami. Ermeni Sorunu ve Almanya: Türk-Alman Arşiv Belgeleriyle. İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2007.
  • Knight, Ben. “Germany's role in the Armenian genocide”. Deutsche Welle, April 5, 2018, https://www.dw.com/en/new-report-details-germanys-role-in-armenian-genocide/a-43268266, accessed February 28, 2023.
  • Nikoghosyan, Armenuhi and Sezer İdil Göğüş. “Is the Work Done? Views from Armenians in Germany on the Recognition of the Armenian Genocide”. Prifblog, April 30, 2020, https://blog.prif.org/2020/04/30/is-the-work-done-views-from-armenians-in-germany-on-the-recognition-of-the-armenian-genocide/, accessed June 6, 2023.
  • Ordukhanyan, Azat. Armenier in Deutschland: Geschichte und Gegenwart. Erfurt: Der Ausländerbeauftragte beim Thüringer Ministerium für Soziales, Familie und Gesundheit, 2009.
  • Uras, Esat. Tarihte Ermeniler ve Ermeni Meselesi. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları, 1987.
  • Zenian, David. “The Growing Pains of A New Community”. AGBU Magazine, November 1, 2001, https://agbu.org/growing-pains-new-community, accessed January 3, 2023.
  • Zentralrat der Armenier in Deutschland e.V., http://www.zentralrat.org/de/zentralrat, accessed February 22, 2023.
  • Zurikyan, Sandy. “Armenian Genocide and East Germany”. Keghart, March 2, 2016, https://keghart.org/armenian-genocide-and-east-germany/, accessed June 5, 2023.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Fuat Ozan Birkan 0000-0002-9339-2781

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 47

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Birkan, Fuat Ozan. “A Historical Overview of the Armenian Diaspora in Germany”. Review of Armenian Studies, sy. 47 (Temmuz 2023): 95-117.