Is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) a Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and Arachidonic Acid (AA) Deficiency Disorder?

Undurti Das

doi:10.62425/rtpharma.1957627

Is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) a Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and Arachidonic Acid (AA) Deficiency Disorder?

Abstract

Current treatments for DR include photocoagulation, intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF, anti-IL-6 and anti-TNF-α agents and corticosteroids in addition to the control of DM. However, these therapies are ineffective, and vision loss progresses in most patients (2/3). Hence, more effective therapies are needed. Although the retina is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and these fatty acids and their metabolites have profound modulatory effects on vasoactive activity and inflammation, their involvement in DR has been overlooked. We showed that the retinal content and vitreal concentration of LXA4 are lower in DR patients than in nondiabetic and DM patients with no retinopathy. Hence, it is proposed that AA and LXA4 deficiency occurs in DR and are of significant benefit in its treatment. This previously proposed arguments are further elaborated and extended to induce the potential benefit of other anti-inflammatory compounds such as resolvins, protectins and maresins. In this perspective it is argued that AA itself could be of benefit in DR by virtue of its ability to form the immediate precursor of LXA4.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

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Ethical Statement

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Thanks

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Basic Pharmacology

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Undurti Das ^*
0000-0002-0191-9508
United States

Early Pub Date

August 14, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

May 23, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 22, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.62425/rtpharma.1957627

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA66UX85MZ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Das, U. (2026). Is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) a Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and Arachidonic Acid (AA) Deficiency Disorder? Recent Trends in Pharmacology, Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.62425/rtpharma.1957627

AMA

1.Das U. Is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) a Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and Arachidonic Acid (AA) Deficiency Disorder? Recent Trends in Pharmacology. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.62425/rtpharma.1957627

Chicago

Das, Undurti. 2026. “Is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) a Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and Arachidonic Acid (AA) Deficiency Disorder?”. Recent Trends in Pharmacology, no. Advanced Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.62425/rtpharma.1957627.

EndNote

Das U (August 1, 2026) Is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) a Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and Arachidonic Acid (AA) Deficiency Disorder? Recent Trends in Pharmacology Advanced Online Publication

IEEE

[1]U. Das, “Is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) a Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and Arachidonic Acid (AA) Deficiency Disorder?”, Recent Trends in Pharmacology, no. Advanced Online Publication, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.62425/rtpharma.1957627.

ISNAD

Das, Undurti. “Is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) a Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and Arachidonic Acid (AA) Deficiency Disorder?”. Recent Trends in Pharmacology. Advanced Online Publication (August 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.62425/rtpharma.1957627.

JAMA

1.Das U. Is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) a Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and Arachidonic Acid (AA) Deficiency Disorder? Recent Trends in Pharmacology. 2026. doi:10.62425/rtpharma.1957627.

MLA

Das, Undurti. “Is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) a Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and Arachidonic Acid (AA) Deficiency Disorder?”. Recent Trends in Pharmacology, no. Advanced Online Publication, Aug. 2026, doi:10.62425/rtpharma.1957627.

Vancouver

1.Undurti Das. Is Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) a Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and Arachidonic Acid (AA) Deficiency Disorder? Recent Trends in Pharmacology. 2026 Aug. 1;(Advanced Online Publication). doi:10.62425/rtpharma.1957627