<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2146-9059</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2146-9059</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Anadolu Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20488/sanattasarim.971365</article-id>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>FOTOĞRAF SANATINDA PORTRE TİPOLOJİLERİ</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>PORTRAIT TYPOLOGIES IN THE ART OF PHOTOGRAPHY</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6475-7948</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Görgülü</surname>
                                    <given-names>Eren</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KIRKLARELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20210709">
                    <day>07</day>
                    <month>09</month>
                    <year>2021</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>11</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>228</fpage>
                                        <lpage>247</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20200906">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>06</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20201214">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2011, Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>‘Fotoğraf Sanatında Portre Tipolojileri’ başlıklı bu makale on dokuzuncu yüzyıldan günümüze fotoğrafik portreler ile oluşturulan tipolojik portre çalışmalarını bir araya getirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda portrelerin kapsamlı bir şekilde bir araya getirilerek oluşturulduğu fotoğraf çalışmaları makaleye konu edilmiştir. Sosyal, bilimsel ve sanatsal faaliyetleri kayıt altına almakta yararlanılan fotoğrafın antropolojiden zoolojiye, tıptan botaniğe birçok disiplin tarafından belgeleme ve görsel veri oluşturma amaçlı kullanılması konunun önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Fotoğraf sanatında tipolojik portrelerle ilgili verilere literatür taraması çerçevesinde ulaşılmış ve bu çalışmalar içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. On dokuzuncu yüzyıl öncü portre tipolojilerinde; Dr. Hugh Welch Diamond, Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne, Francis Galton ve Alphonse Bertillon’un çalışmaları ilk tipolojik örnekler olarak konu açısından önemlidir. Yirminci yüzyıl fotoğraf sanatında portre tipolojisinde ise August Sander ve Walker Evans’ın tipolojileri dikkate değer çalışmalardır. Çağdaş fotoğraf sanatında portre tipolojilerinde ise Boris Mikhailov, Taryn Simon, JR, Martin Schoeller ve Angelica Dass gibi sanatçılar tipoloji yöntemini portre fotoğraflarına uygulayarak birey ve kimlik kavramlarına farklı bir bakış açısı getirmişlerdir. Sanatçıların tipolojik portre çalışmalarında portrelere yükledikleri anlamın anlatım yöntemi, tipolojik gruplandırma, ifade biçimi ve içerik teknik yaklaşım açısından analiz edilerek yorumlanmıştır. Metin içerisinde yer alan tipolojik portre çalışmaları kronolojik olarak ele alınıp değerlendirilmiştir.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This article titled“Portrait Typologies in Photography Art”aims to bring together typological portrait studies created with photographic portraits from the nineteenth century to the present. For this purpose, photographic works, in which portraits are brought together comprehensively, are covered in this article. The use of photography, which is used to record social, scientific, and artistic activities, by many disciplines from anthropology to zoology, medicine to botany, for documentation and visual data creation reveals the importance of the subject. The data about typological portraits in the art of photography were reached within the framework of a literature review and these studies were analysed using the content analysis method. The works of Dr. Hugh Welch Diamond, Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne, Francis Galton, and Alphonse Bertillon are important in terms of subject as the first typological examples in the nineteenth century leading portrait typologies. The typologies of August Sander and Walker Evans in portrait typology are remarkable studies in twentieth century photography art. And, in portrait typologies in contemporary photography, artists such as Boris Mikhailov, Taryn Simon, JR, Martin Schoeller, and Angelica Dass have brought a different perspective to the concepts of individual and identity by applying the typology method to portrait photography. The expression method, typological grouping, style of expression, and content of the meaning that artists attribute to the portraits in their typological portrait works are analysed and interpreted in terms of technical approach. The typological portraits in the text are discussed and evaluated chronologically.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Fotoğraf</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Sanat</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Portre</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Tipoloji</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Photography</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Art</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Portrait</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Typology</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• AnaBritannica, Genel Kültür Ansiklopedisi (2000). Cilt:21. İstanbul: Ana Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Antmen, A. (2012). Sanatçılardan Yazılar ve Açıklamalarla 20. Yüzyıl Batı Sanatında Akımlar. İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Aksakal, T. (2013). Yabancılaşma Olgusunun Fotoğrafik Yansıması. Marmara Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi, Cilt: 1, Sayı:4.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Berger, J. (2007). O Ana Adanmış, İstanbul: Metis Seçkileri.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Breton, D. (2018). Yüz Üzerine Antropolojik Bir İnceleme. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Burgin, V. (2013). Fotoğrafı Düşünmek. İstanbul: Espas Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Clarke, G. (2017). Güzel Sanatların Bir Dalı Olarak Fotoğraf. İstanbul: Hayalperest Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Değirmenci, K. (2016). Fotoğrafın İmgeleri Temsil, Gerçeklik ve Dijital Çağda Fotoğraf. İstanbul: Doğu Kitabevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Durden, M. (2015). Fotoğraf Bugün, Çev: Yiğit Adam, Emre Gözgü. İstanbul: Akbank Kültür ve Sanat Dizisi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Elkins, J. (2019). Fotoğraf Kuramı. İstanbul: Espas Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Ernest W. A. ve William Y. A. (1991). Archeological Typology and Practical Reality: A Dialectical Approach to Artifact Classification and Sorting Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Fausing, B. (2013). Become an Image- On Selfies, Visuality and the Visual Turn in Social Medias.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Flusser, V. (2020). Bir Fotoğraf Felsefesine Doğru. İstanbul: Espas Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Freidus, M. (1991) Typologies in Typologies: Nine Contemporary Photographers, Newport Harbor Art Museum Publication, Newport Harbor, California.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Görgülü, E. (2017). JR’ın ‘Inside-Out’ Projesindeki Portreler ve Kamusal Sanat, İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Sanat, Tasarım ve Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt:3, Sayı:2.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Görgülü, E. (2019). Bedenin Dramatize Edilmesi: Portre ve Dönüşümler. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. Volume:3. Issue:1.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Hacking, J. (2015). Fotoğrafın Tüm Öyküsü. İstanbul: Hayalperest Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Kuspit, D. (2014). Sanatın Sonu. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Leppert, R. (2017). Sanatta Anlamın Görüntüsü İmgelerin Toplumsal İşlevi. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Leslie, E. (2019). Walter Benjamin Fotoğraf Yazıları. İstanbul: Kolektif Kitap.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Oral, M. (2012). Weimar Cumhuriyetinden Günümüze Fotoğraf Ajanslarının Fotojurnalizme Katkıları. İstanbul: Espas Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Orpana, J. (2013). Turning the World Inside Out: Situating JR’s Wish within Cultures of Participation. Western University.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Özdal, I. (2005). Fotoğraf Sanatında Güncelliğini Koruyan Sosyal Tipolojiler, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Sanat Yazıları Sayı:13, Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Sergiusz, M. (2003). New Objectivity. Taschen.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Tatar, O. (2019). Dijital Çağda Fotoğraf Sanatı Hipermetin ve Değişen Estetik Anlayışı. İstanbul: A7 Kitap Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">• Yavuz, O. (2020). Antropoloji ve Fotoğraf Yöntem ve Temsil Üzerine. İstanbul: Espas Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
