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THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE 1960’S AND THE IMPACT OF 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY ON ARCHITECTURE

Yıl 2024, , 274 - 295, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.20488/sanattasarim.1506046

Öz

At the intersection of rapidly advancing technological progress and artistic expressions,
“2001: A Space Odyssey,” directed by S. Kubrick in 1968 and presented as a cinematic
adaptation of A. C Clarke’s compelling narrative, “The Sentinel,” is an original science fiction
film that delves into profound aspects of human evolution, technological advancement,
and artificial intelligence. The film is built upon groundbreaking visual innovations and
depictions of futuristic spaces and life. In this article, the science fiction film “2001: A Space
Odyssey” is examined through the lenses of computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM), kinetic architecture, and artificial intelligence (AI) developments
that emerged during the same period. These analyses aim to uncover how futuristic themes
and technological predictions from the film interact with contemporary architecture and
related technologies. Thus, the article seeks to reveal the potential impacts and influences
of the film on contemporary architecture, as well as its manifestations in the present day.
Additionally, films released in subsequent years that explore similar topics are provided as
examples. Theory, visualisation, and modelling continuously nourish each other. By integrating
science and art, films also demonstrate ways to make visionary contributions to the
future. When examined from this perspective, the film reveals itself as a source of inspiration
for many architecturally designed, constructed, or equipped high-tech structures. In
conclusion, cinema’s narratives inspired by science can provide visionary contributions to
the present and the future.

Kaynakça

  • American Made. (2017). Directed by Doug Liman. United States: Universal Pictures.
  • Ayyıldız, S., & Müştak, S. (2016). Sinema-Mimarlık Arakesitinde Cyberpunk (Siberpunk) ve “Ada” Filmi Üzerinden Eleştirel Bir Yaklaşım. Mimarlık ve Yaşam, 1(1), 127-142.
  • Bektaş, E. H. E. (2017). Sinema ve Mekân İlişkisi Açısından Bilim Kurgu Filmlerine Bir Bakış. Mimarlık ve Yaşam, 2(2), 201-218.
  • Blade Runner 2049. (2017). Directed by Denis Villeneuve. United States: Warner Bros.
  • Bogue, R. (2013). Robotic Vision Boosts Automotive Industry Quality and Productivity. Industrial Robot: An International Journal.
  • Bongers, B. (2006). Interactivation: Towards an E-Cology of People, Our Technological Environment, and the Arts. Lulu. com.
  • Carpo, M. (2017). The Second Digital Turn: Design Beyond Intelligence. MIT Press.
  • Chappie. (2015). Directed by Neill Blomkamp. United States: Columbia Pictures.
  • Coelho, R. F., Coughlin, G., & Patel, V. R. (2010). Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy. New Technologies in Urology, 3-10.
  • Dörfler, K., Sandy, T., Giftthaler, M., Gramazio, F., Kohler, M., & Buchli, J. (2016). Mobile Robotic Brickwork. In Robotic Fabrication in Architecture, Art and Design 2016 (pp. 204-217). Springer, Cham.
  • Eastman, C. M. (1972). Adaptive Conditional Architecture. Institute of Physical Planning, Carnegie-Mellon University.
  • Ertem, Ü. (2010). Sinema ve Mimarlık Etkileşiminin Örnek Kara Filmler Üzerinden İncelenmesi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Ex Machina. (2014). Directed by Alex Garland. United States: A24.
  • Fallon, K. K. (1998). Early Computer Graphics Developments in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction Industry. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 20(2), 20-29.
  • Felbrich, B., Schork, T., & Menges, A. (2022). Autonomous Robotic Additive Manufacturing Through Distributed Model‐Free Deep Reinforcement Learning in Computational Design Environments. Construction Robotics, 1-23.
  • Ghost in the Shell. (2017). Directed by Rupert Sanders. United States: Paramount Pictures.
  • Hack, N., Lauer, W. V., Gramazio, F., & Kohler, M. (2015, June). Mesh Mould: Robotically Fabricated Metal Meshes as Concrete Formwork and Reinforcement. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Ferrocement and 3rd ICTRC International Conference on Textile Reinforced Concrete (pp. 347- 359).
  • Her. (2013). Directed by Spike Jonze. United States: Warner Bros.
  • Hughes, J., & Sadler, S. (Eds.). (2013). Non-plan: Essays on Freedom, Participation and Change in Modern Architecture and Urbanism. Routledge.
  • Inception. (2010). Directed by Christopher Nolan. United States: Warner Bros.
  • Iron Man. (2008). Directed by Jon Favreau. United States: Marvel Studios.
  • Kale, G. (2004). Sinemada Görsel Deneyim ve Mimarlık, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Kolarevic, B., & Parlac, V. (2015). Building Dynamics: Exploring Architecture of Change. Routledge.
  • Kubrick, S. (1968). 2001: A Space Odyssey.
  • Lavick, J. J. (1976). Making Graphics Work. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 10(2), 279-286.
  • Marinetti, F. T., & Apollonio, U. (1909). The Futurist Manifesto. Le Figaro, 20, 39-44.
  • Melenbrink, N., Werfel, J., & Menges, A. (2020). On-Site Autonomous Construction Robots: towards Unsupervised Building. Automation in Construction, 119, 103312.
  • Mitchell, W. J. (1996). City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn. MIT Press.
  • Negroponte, N. (1975). Soft Architecture Machines (p. 133). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Oblivion. (2013). Directed by Joseph Kosinski. United States: Universal Pictures.
  • Pacific Rim. (2013). Directed by Guillermo del Toro. United States: Warner Bros.
  • Pask, G. (1976). Conversation Theory. Applications in Education and Epistemology.
  • Real Steel. (2011). Directed by Shawn Levy. United States: DreamWorks Pictures.
  • Reichert, S., Schwinn, T., La Magna, R., Waimer, F., Knippers, J., & Menges, A. (2014). Fibrous Structures: An Integrative Approach to Design Computation, Simulation and Fabrication for Lightweight, Glass and Carbon Fibre Composite Structures In Architecture Based on Biomimetic Design Principles. Computer- Aided Design, 52, 27-39.
  • Revenge of the Electric Car. (2011). Directed by Chris Paine. United States: WestMidWest Productions.
  • Revenge of the Electric Car. (2011). United States: WestMidWest Productions.
  • RoboCop. (1987). Directed by Paul Verhoeven. United States: Orion Pictures.
  • Robot. (2004). Directed by Shinobu Yaguchi. Japan: Toho.
  • Sanders, N. (2008). An Industry Perspective on The Beginnings of CAD. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 40(2), 128-134.
  • Sutherland, I. E. (1964, January). Sketchpad is a Man-Machine Graphical Communication System in Proceedings of the Share Design Automation Workshop (pp. 6-329).
  • Terminator 2: Judgment Day. (1991). Directed by James Cameron. United States: TriStar Pictures.
  • The Avengers: Age of Ultron. (2015). Directed by Joss Whedon. United States: Marvel Studios.
  • The Aviator. (2004). Directed by Martin Scorsese. United States: Miramax Films.
  • The China Syndrome. (1979). Directed by James Bridges. United States: Columbia Pictures.
  • The Circle. (2017). Directed by James Ponsoldt. United States: EuropaCorp.
  • The Core. (2003). Directed by Jon Amiel. United States: Paramount Pictures.
  • The Matrix Reloaded. (2003). Directed by the Wachowski Brothers. United States: Warner Bros.
  • Toffler, A. (2022). The Third Wave: The Classic Study of Tomorrow. Bantam.
  • Tong, B. (2005). Distopik Bilim-Kurgu Filmlerindeki Mekan Çözümlemeleri (1980- 2000), İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Transcendence. (2014). Directed by Wally Pfister. United States: Warner Bros.
  • Transformers. (2007). Directed by Michael Bay. United States: Paramount Pictures.
  • Transformers: Dark of the Moon. (2011). Directed by Michael Bay. United States: Paramount Pictures.
  • Turing, A. M., & Haugeland, J. (1950). Computing Machinery and Intelligence. The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, 29-56.
  • Ünver, A. G. B. (2015). Sinema ve Mimarlık Etkileşimi: Wall· E Filmi Örneği. Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, 4, 06-08. Ünver, B. (2020). Distopik bilim kurgu sinemasında gelecek mekânları ve mimari öngörüler. Yedi, (24), 95-111.
  • Weizenbaum, J. (1966). ELIZA—A Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man and Machine. Communications of the ACM, 9(1), 36-45.
  • Willmann, J., Gramazio, F., & Kohler, M. (2015). Gramazio Kohler Research, Automated Diversity: New Morphologies of Vertical Urbanism. Architectural Design, 85(6), 122-127.
  • Zuk, W., & Clark, R. H. (1970). Kinetic Architecture. Van Nostrand Reinhold.

1960’LARIN TEKNOLOJİSİ VE 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY FİLMİNİN MİMARLIK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Yıl 2024, , 274 - 295, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.20488/sanattasarim.1506046

Öz

Hızla gelişen teknolojik ilerlemeler ve sanatsal ifadelerin kavşağında, 1968 yılında S. Kubrick
tarafından yönetilen ve A. C Clarke’ın etkileyici anlatısı “The Sentinel”ın sinematik
bir uyarlaması olarak sunulan “2001: A Space Odyssey,” derinlemesine insan evrimi, teknolojik
ilerleme ve yapay zeka gibi alanları keşfeden özgün bir bilim kurgu filmidir. Film,
çığır açan görsel yenilikler ve fütüristik mekan ve yaşam tasvirleri üzerine kurulmuştur.
Makalede, bilgisayar destekli tasarım (CAD), bilgisayar destekli üretim (CAM), kinetik
mimarlık ve yapay zeka (AI) alanlarındaki gelişmelerle, aynı dönemde üretilen bu bilim
kurgu filmi, bu alanlar üzerinden incelenmektedir. İncelemelerle 2001: A Space Odyssey”
filmiyle fütüristik temaların ve teknolojik öngörülerin çağdaş mimari ve ilgili teknolojilerle
nasıl etkileşime girdiğinin ve filmin günümüzde görünen mimari etkilerinin ortaya koyulması
amaçlanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, filmin çağdaş mimari üzerindeki potansiyel etkileri
ve yansımaları ele alınmaktadır. Ayrıca benzer konuları barındıran ve sonraki yıllarda
vizyona giren filmler örneklenmektedir. Kuram, görselleştirme ve modellemeler sürekli birbirlerinden
beslenirler. Filmler, bilim ve sanatın entegrasyonuyla geleceğe vizyoner katkılar
yapmanın yollarını da göstermektedir. Bu perspektiften film incelendiğinde filmin yüksek
teknoloji ile üretilen birçok mimari yapı tasarımı, inşaat veya donanımı için bir ilham kaynağı
olabildiği görülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, sinemanın bilimden ilham alan anlatılarıyla
bugüne ve geleceğe vizyoner katkılar yapabileceğine işaret edilmektedir

Kaynakça

  • American Made. (2017). Directed by Doug Liman. United States: Universal Pictures.
  • Ayyıldız, S., & Müştak, S. (2016). Sinema-Mimarlık Arakesitinde Cyberpunk (Siberpunk) ve “Ada” Filmi Üzerinden Eleştirel Bir Yaklaşım. Mimarlık ve Yaşam, 1(1), 127-142.
  • Bektaş, E. H. E. (2017). Sinema ve Mekân İlişkisi Açısından Bilim Kurgu Filmlerine Bir Bakış. Mimarlık ve Yaşam, 2(2), 201-218.
  • Blade Runner 2049. (2017). Directed by Denis Villeneuve. United States: Warner Bros.
  • Bogue, R. (2013). Robotic Vision Boosts Automotive Industry Quality and Productivity. Industrial Robot: An International Journal.
  • Bongers, B. (2006). Interactivation: Towards an E-Cology of People, Our Technological Environment, and the Arts. Lulu. com.
  • Carpo, M. (2017). The Second Digital Turn: Design Beyond Intelligence. MIT Press.
  • Chappie. (2015). Directed by Neill Blomkamp. United States: Columbia Pictures.
  • Coelho, R. F., Coughlin, G., & Patel, V. R. (2010). Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy. New Technologies in Urology, 3-10.
  • Dörfler, K., Sandy, T., Giftthaler, M., Gramazio, F., Kohler, M., & Buchli, J. (2016). Mobile Robotic Brickwork. In Robotic Fabrication in Architecture, Art and Design 2016 (pp. 204-217). Springer, Cham.
  • Eastman, C. M. (1972). Adaptive Conditional Architecture. Institute of Physical Planning, Carnegie-Mellon University.
  • Ertem, Ü. (2010). Sinema ve Mimarlık Etkileşiminin Örnek Kara Filmler Üzerinden İncelenmesi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Ex Machina. (2014). Directed by Alex Garland. United States: A24.
  • Fallon, K. K. (1998). Early Computer Graphics Developments in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction Industry. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 20(2), 20-29.
  • Felbrich, B., Schork, T., & Menges, A. (2022). Autonomous Robotic Additive Manufacturing Through Distributed Model‐Free Deep Reinforcement Learning in Computational Design Environments. Construction Robotics, 1-23.
  • Ghost in the Shell. (2017). Directed by Rupert Sanders. United States: Paramount Pictures.
  • Hack, N., Lauer, W. V., Gramazio, F., & Kohler, M. (2015, June). Mesh Mould: Robotically Fabricated Metal Meshes as Concrete Formwork and Reinforcement. In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Ferrocement and 3rd ICTRC International Conference on Textile Reinforced Concrete (pp. 347- 359).
  • Her. (2013). Directed by Spike Jonze. United States: Warner Bros.
  • Hughes, J., & Sadler, S. (Eds.). (2013). Non-plan: Essays on Freedom, Participation and Change in Modern Architecture and Urbanism. Routledge.
  • Inception. (2010). Directed by Christopher Nolan. United States: Warner Bros.
  • Iron Man. (2008). Directed by Jon Favreau. United States: Marvel Studios.
  • Kale, G. (2004). Sinemada Görsel Deneyim ve Mimarlık, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Kolarevic, B., & Parlac, V. (2015). Building Dynamics: Exploring Architecture of Change. Routledge.
  • Kubrick, S. (1968). 2001: A Space Odyssey.
  • Lavick, J. J. (1976). Making Graphics Work. ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 10(2), 279-286.
  • Marinetti, F. T., & Apollonio, U. (1909). The Futurist Manifesto. Le Figaro, 20, 39-44.
  • Melenbrink, N., Werfel, J., & Menges, A. (2020). On-Site Autonomous Construction Robots: towards Unsupervised Building. Automation in Construction, 119, 103312.
  • Mitchell, W. J. (1996). City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn. MIT Press.
  • Negroponte, N. (1975). Soft Architecture Machines (p. 133). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Oblivion. (2013). Directed by Joseph Kosinski. United States: Universal Pictures.
  • Pacific Rim. (2013). Directed by Guillermo del Toro. United States: Warner Bros.
  • Pask, G. (1976). Conversation Theory. Applications in Education and Epistemology.
  • Real Steel. (2011). Directed by Shawn Levy. United States: DreamWorks Pictures.
  • Reichert, S., Schwinn, T., La Magna, R., Waimer, F., Knippers, J., & Menges, A. (2014). Fibrous Structures: An Integrative Approach to Design Computation, Simulation and Fabrication for Lightweight, Glass and Carbon Fibre Composite Structures In Architecture Based on Biomimetic Design Principles. Computer- Aided Design, 52, 27-39.
  • Revenge of the Electric Car. (2011). Directed by Chris Paine. United States: WestMidWest Productions.
  • Revenge of the Electric Car. (2011). United States: WestMidWest Productions.
  • RoboCop. (1987). Directed by Paul Verhoeven. United States: Orion Pictures.
  • Robot. (2004). Directed by Shinobu Yaguchi. Japan: Toho.
  • Sanders, N. (2008). An Industry Perspective on The Beginnings of CAD. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 40(2), 128-134.
  • Sutherland, I. E. (1964, January). Sketchpad is a Man-Machine Graphical Communication System in Proceedings of the Share Design Automation Workshop (pp. 6-329).
  • Terminator 2: Judgment Day. (1991). Directed by James Cameron. United States: TriStar Pictures.
  • The Avengers: Age of Ultron. (2015). Directed by Joss Whedon. United States: Marvel Studios.
  • The Aviator. (2004). Directed by Martin Scorsese. United States: Miramax Films.
  • The China Syndrome. (1979). Directed by James Bridges. United States: Columbia Pictures.
  • The Circle. (2017). Directed by James Ponsoldt. United States: EuropaCorp.
  • The Core. (2003). Directed by Jon Amiel. United States: Paramount Pictures.
  • The Matrix Reloaded. (2003). Directed by the Wachowski Brothers. United States: Warner Bros.
  • Toffler, A. (2022). The Third Wave: The Classic Study of Tomorrow. Bantam.
  • Tong, B. (2005). Distopik Bilim-Kurgu Filmlerindeki Mekan Çözümlemeleri (1980- 2000), İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Transcendence. (2014). Directed by Wally Pfister. United States: Warner Bros.
  • Transformers. (2007). Directed by Michael Bay. United States: Paramount Pictures.
  • Transformers: Dark of the Moon. (2011). Directed by Michael Bay. United States: Paramount Pictures.
  • Turing, A. M., & Haugeland, J. (1950). Computing Machinery and Intelligence. The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, 29-56.
  • Ünver, A. G. B. (2015). Sinema ve Mimarlık Etkileşimi: Wall· E Filmi Örneği. Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, 4, 06-08. Ünver, B. (2020). Distopik bilim kurgu sinemasında gelecek mekânları ve mimari öngörüler. Yedi, (24), 95-111.
  • Weizenbaum, J. (1966). ELIZA—A Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man and Machine. Communications of the ACM, 9(1), 36-45.
  • Willmann, J., Gramazio, F., & Kohler, M. (2015). Gramazio Kohler Research, Automated Diversity: New Morphologies of Vertical Urbanism. Architectural Design, 85(6), 122-127.
  • Zuk, W., & Clark, R. H. (1970). Kinetic Architecture. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mimarlık (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nese Alp 0000-0002-7626-9212

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Alp, N. (2024). 1960’LARIN TEKNOLOJİSİ VE 2001: A SPACE ODYSSEY FİLMİNİN MİMARLIK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ. Sanat Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 14(1), 274-295. https://doi.org/10.20488/sanattasarim.1506046