Haçlı Seferlerinden Siyonizm’e Sömürgeci Projelerin Devam Ettirilmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 178 - 228, 30.09.2021

Khalid El-awaisi

Öz

Avrupa’da on birinci yüzyılın sonlarında başlayan Haçlı coşkusu, yüzyıllar boyunca milyonlarca Avrupalıyı Kutsal Toprakları Müslümanların elinden almak için seferber etmeye devam eden bir ruhtu. Beytü’l-Makdis’i ele geçirmek ve kiliselerini ve Hristi-yanları “özgürleştirmek” amacıyla otuzun üzerinde haçlı seferi başlatıldı, ancak çoğu zaman bunlar amaçlarına ulaşamadı. İlk Haçlı seferi, bir asır içinde Selahaddin tarafından sona erdirilen ve bir asır sonra Memlükler tarafından varlıklarının tama-men ortadan kaldırıldığı ilk Avrupa sömürge toplumunun yaratılmasında başarılı oldu. Bir haçlı seferinin son girişimi, Amerika’dan gelen altınla İspanya’dan yeni bir haçlı seferi başlatmak isteyen Kristof Kolomb’unkiydi. Haçlı seferi fikrinin ilk başarı-sının ardından, fikir Kutsal Toprakların ötesine genişletildi ve Papa tarafından kut-sanan kampanyalar için kullanıldı. Daha sonra kavram zeminini kaybetmek oldu ve haçlı seferi coşkusu on altıncı yüzyılda öldü. Osmanlıların Avrupa’yı tehdit etmesiyle, artık Kudüs’ü mümkün kılmak için haçlı seferi yapmıyorlardı. Kıyamet senaryoları ve Yahudileri Filistin’e geri getirme fikri, Kutsal Toprakların beklentileri için büyük bir değişime işaret ediyordu. Napolyon, bir Yahudi kolonisi kurmak için ilk resmi çağ-rıyı yaptı, ancak hiçbir zaman gerçekleşmese de, İngilizler bu projeyi gerçekleştirmeyi üstlendiler. Yüzyılı aşkın süredir başarısız olan planlar, İngilizler Filistin’i işgal etmesi ile “Haçlı Seferlerinin Sonu”nu ilan etmeyi başardılar. Ancak, yeni bir sömürge de yerleşimci devleti için planlar çoktan harekete geçmişti ve otuz yıllık İngiliz işgalinden sonra saltanat, Haçlı Seferlerinin mirasçıları olarak Siyonistlere devredildi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Haçlı Seferleri, Sömürgecilik, Siyonizm.

The Continuation of The Colonialist Project From The Crusades to Zionism

Öz

The zeal for the Crusader started in Europe at the end of the eleventh century, a spirit that continued for centuries to mobilise millions of Europeans to take the Holy Land from Muslim hands. Over thirty crusades were launched with the aim of capturing Bayt al-Maqdis and “liberating” its churches and Christians, however mostly failing to achieve their said aims. The first crusade was successful in creating the first European colonial society, being brought to an end within a century by Salah al-Din and the complete eradication of their presence by the Mamluk a century later. The last attempt of a crusade was that of Christopher Columbus, who with the gold from the America wanted to launch a new crusade from Spain. Following the first success of the idea of the crusade, the idea was expanded beyond the Holy Land and was used for campaigns blessed by the Pope. Later the concept was to lose ground, and zeal for the crusade was dying out by the sixteenth century. With the threat of the Ottomans into Europe, no longer were crusading to take Jerusalem feasible. Apocalyptic scenarios and the idea of restoring the Jews to Palestine marked a major shift for the prospects of the Holy Land. Napoleon issued the first official call to establish a Jewish colony, although never materialising, the British took it upon themselves to see this project through. Over a century of failed schemes, the British managed to occupy Palestine and proclaim the “End of the Crusades”. Yet, plans for a new colonial settler state were already in motion and after thirty years of British occupation, the reigns were handed over to Zionist as the heirs of the Crusades.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Crusades, Colonialism, Zionism

Kaynakça

• Abu-Munshar, Maher. (2010). “Fātimids, Crusaders and the Fall of Islamic Jerusalem: Foes or Allies?”, Al-Masāq, Vol.22. 45-56.
• Al-Khateeb, Kamal. (2020). Irhasat Zawal al-Ihtilal al-Israili. Istanbul: Dar al-Asala.
• Andrea, Alfred J. and Madden, Thomas F. (2006). “Fourth Crusade (1202–1204)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 449-457.
• Asali, Ziad J. (1992). “Zionist Studies of the Crusade Movement”, Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 45–59.
• Bar-Yosef, Eitan. (2005). The Holy Land in English Culture 1799-1917: Palestine and the Question of Orientalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Beazley, C. Raymond. (1911). Prince Henry the Navigator the Hero of Portugal and of Modern Discovery 1394-1460 A.D. New York: The Knickerbocker Press.
• Burgtorf, Jochen (2006). “Crusade of 1239–1241”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 309-311.
• Caiani, Ambrogio A. (2021). To Kidnap a Pope: Napoleon and Pius VII. New heaven and London: Yale University Press.
• Cevdet Paşa, Ahmet. (1309/1892) Tarih-i Cevdet, tertib-i cedid. Istanbul: Dersaadet Matbaa-i Osmaniye.
• Cole, Juan R. (2007). Napoleon in Egypt: Invading the Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Delaney, Carol. (2006). “Columbus’s ultimate goal: Jerusalem.” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol.48 No.2: 260-292.
• Delaney, Carol. (2011). Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem: How Religion Drove the Voyages that Led to America. New York: Free Press.
• Dickson, Gary. (2006). “Children’s Crusade (1212)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 242-244.
• Dickson, Gary. (2006). “Crusade of 1309”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 311-313.
• Dickson, Gary. (2006). “First Shepherds’ Crusade (1251)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 1093-1095.
• Dowty, A. (2014), “Prelude to the Arab–Israel Conflict: European Penetration of Nineteenth-century Ottoman Palestine”, Contemporary Review of the Middle East, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 3-24.
• Edbury, Peter W. (2006). “Peter I of Cyprus (1329–1369)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 942-943.
• Edgington, Susan B. (2006). “Bohemund I of Antioch”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 175-176.
• El-Awaisi, Khalid & Yiğit, Emine (2020). “Early Foreign Penetration in the Holy Land during the Late Ottoman Period: The Role of Britain”. Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, Vol.20, No.1, pp. 1-18.
• El-Awaisi, Khalid. (2019). “The Origins of the Idea of Establishing a ‘Zionist Client-State’ in Islamicjerusalem”. Journal of Al-Tamaddun, Vol.14, No.1, pp.13–26.
• Ellman, Michael, and Laacher, Smain (2003). Migrant workers in Israel – A contemporary form of slavery. Copenhagen and Paris: Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network & International Federation for Human Rights.
• Goldsmith, Linda (2006). “Crusade of Louis IX to the East (1248–1254)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 318-324.
• Habeeb, Sameh and Stefanini, Pietro (2017). Giving Away Other People’s Land: The Making of the Balfour Declaration. London: Palestinian Return Centre.
• Hamdani, Abbas. (1979). “Columbus and the Recovery of Jerusalem”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 39-48.
• Hertz, Allen. (2018). Neglected Ottoman-Turkish Source Confirms Napoleon issued a Proclamation to the Jews. Published on ResearchGate. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30761.85600. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327034732_Neglected_Ottoman-Turkish_Source_Confirms_Napoleon_issued_a_Proclamation_to_the_Jews (15.08.2021)
• Hertz, Allen (2021). Jews, Napoleon and the Ottoman Empire: the 1797-9 Proclamations to the Jews (2021 edition), http://www.allenzhertz.com/2018/05/jews-napoleon-and-ottoman-empire-1797-9.html (15.08.2021)
• Horne, Charles F. and Austin, Walter F. (1923). Source Records of the Great War, Vol. V. USA: National Alumni.
• James, T. G. H. (2003). “Napoleon and Egyptology: Britain’s Debt to French Enterprise”, Enlightening the British: Knowledge, Discovery and the Museum in the Eighteenth Century. London: British Museum Press.
• Jaspert, Nikolas. (2006). “James I of Aragon (1208–1276)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 650-651.
• Kayyali, Abdul-Wahab. (1977). “Zionism and Imperialism: The Historical Origins.” Journal of Palestine Studies Vol.6, No.3: 98-112.
• Khalidi, Rashid (2020). The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017. New York: Metropolitan Books.
• Kitchen, James E. (2010). “‘Khaki crusaders’: crusading rhetoric and the British Imperial soldier during the Egypt and Palestine campaigns, 1916–18”, First World War Studies, Vol.1, No.2, pp.141-160.
• Kobler, Franz. (1976). Napoleon and the Jews. New York: Schocken Books.
• Madden, Thomas F. (2006). “Crusade of 1122–1124”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 308.
• Mulinder, Alec. (2006). “Crusade of 1101”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 304-307.
• Murray, Alan V. (2006). The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio.
• Mustafa, Mustafa W. (2021). Yawmiyat David Reubeni 1520-1525: Awal Muhawalat Tahaluf bayn al-Jamat al-Yahudiyah wal-Gharb li-Ihtilal Filistin. Istanbul: Dar al-Usool Al-Elmiyah.
• Nicholson, Helen J. (2006). “Third Crusade (1189–1192)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 1174-1181.
• Ould-Mey, Mohameden. (2003). “The Non-Jewish Origin of Zionism”, International Journal of the Humanities: Annual Review, Vol.1, No.1, pp. 591-610.
• Paviot, Jacques. (2006). “Humbert II of Viennois (1312–1355)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 612.
• Paviot, Jacques. (2006). “Odo of Burgundy (d. 1266)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 897.
• Phillips, Jonathan. (2006). “Crusade of 1129”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 308-309.
• Popkin, Jeremy D. (1981). “Zionism and the Enlightenment: The “Letter of a Jew to His Brethren””, Jewish Social Studies, Vol.43, No.2, pp.113-120.
• Powell, James M. (2006). “Fifth Crusade (1217–1221)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 427-431.
• Riley-Smith, Jonathan. (2009). What Were the Crusades? Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
• Runciman, Steven. (1995). A History of the Crusades. 3 volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Salih, Muhsin. (1997). Juhud ba‘d Ulama’ Filistin fi Ri‘ayat al-Muqaasat al-Islamiyah fi al-Quds wa-Himayatiha: 1918-1931. Journal of Islamic Jerusalem Studies, vol.1/1, 19-46.
• Samman, Khaldoun. (2015). Clash of Modernities: The Making and Unmaking of the New Jew, Turk, and Arab and the Islamist Challenge. New York: Routledge.
• Saul, Nigel. (1997). “The Vanishing Vision: Late Medieval Crusading”, History Today, Vol.47, No.6.
• Savvides, Alexios G. C. (2006). “Smyrna Crusade (1344)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 1116-1118.
• Schwarzfuchs, Simon (1979). Napoleon, the Jews and the Sanhedrin. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Strathern, P. (2009). Napoleon in Egypt. New York: Bantam Books.
• The Scots Magazine and Edinburgh Literary Miscellany (1806), Vol. LXVIII. Edinburgh: Ruthven and Sons.
• Tyerman, Christopher. (2006). “Crusade of the Lord Edward (1270–1272)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 317-318.
• Tyerman, Christopher. (2019). The World of the Crusades: An Illustrated History. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Vereté, Mayir (1970). “The Balfour Declaration and its makers”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.6, No.1, pp.48-76.
• Weiler, Björn K. U. (2006). “Crusade of Emperor Frederick II (1227–1229)”, Murray, A.V. (Ed.), The Crusades: an encyclopaedia. California: Abc-clio: 313-315.
• Zouberi, Widad. (2015). Hamlat Napilyon Bonabart ala Misir 1798-1801, al-Asbab wal-Nata’ij. MA Thesis, Algeria: University Mohamed Khider Biskra.