<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>selcuk j agr food sci</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2458-8377</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2458-8377</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Selçuk Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15316/selcukjafsci.1741834</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Agricultural Structures</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Tarımsal Yapılar</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Kırsal Alanda Süt Sığırı Barınaklarının Teknik ve Yapısal Yeterliliği: Konya-Kadınhanı İncelemesi</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Technical and Structural Adequacy of Dairy Cattle Housing in Rural Areas: A Case Study from Kadınhanı District, Konya Province, Turkey</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0127-0930</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Dinçer</surname>
                                    <given-names>Hüseyin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Kadınhanı Ziraat Odası Başkanlığı</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8328-8753</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Uğurlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nuh</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ZİRAAT FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5945-0757</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Şahin Suci</surname>
                                    <given-names>Elif</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, ZİRAAT FAKÜLTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260428">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>28</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>40</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>1</fpage>
                                        <lpage>11</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250714">
                        <day>07</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250909">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>09</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1991, Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1991</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Bu çalışma, Konya ili Kadınhanı ilçesinde süt sığırcılığı yapan 20 işletmede mevcut barınakların yapısal özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tüm barınaklar bağlı duraklı tipte olup; plan, kesit, malzeme özellikleri, havalandırma ve aydınlatma koşulları yerinde incelenmiş, yapı elemanlarının ısı iletim katsayıları hesaplanarak yalıtım düzeyleri değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, hayvan başına düşen ortalama barınak alanı 8 m² olarak tespit edilmiştir. Barınakların tamamında ısı yalıtımının yetersiz düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiş ve ortalama ısı geçirme katsayısı 2,54 kcal/m²°Ch olarak hesaplanmıştır.  Aydınlatma oranı %5 sınır değerinin altında kalırken, havalandırma sistemlerinin çoğu baca ve mahya açıklığı ile sağlanmaktadır. Ayrıca, pencere yüzey alanlarının yetersizliği doğal aydınlatmayı kısıtlamaktadır. İşletmelerin çoğunun yem ihtiyacını kendi üretimiyle karşıladığı, veteriner hizmetlerinin ise dışarıdan sağlandığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, barınaklardaki yapısal yetersizliklerin hayvan refahı, üretim verimi ve hijyen koşulları üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olduğu belirlenmiş ve mevcut durumun iyileştirilmesi için çeşitli yapısal ve yönetsel önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Sonuç olarak kırsal alandaki hayvancılık işletmelerinin sürdürülebilirliği açısından planlı ve mühendislik destekli planlama, yapısal iyileşme ve düzenlemelerinin gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>This study was conducted to determine the structural characteristics of dairy cattle barns on 20 farms engaged in dairy farming in the Kadınhanı district of Konya Province, Turkey. All barns were of the tie-stall , and their layout, cross-sections, construction materials, ventilation, and lighting conditions were examined on-site. The thermal transmittance coefficients of the structural elements were calculated to evaluate insulation levels. According to the findings, the average barn area per animal was determined to be 8 m². All barns were found to have insufficient thermal insulation, with an average transmittance coefficient of approximately 2,95 W/m2K. In the surveyed farms, it was determined that there were no designated compartments for sick animals or calves, which are critically important for animal health and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, the manure storage facilities were found to be inadequate the lighting ratio remained below the recommended 5% threshold, and ventilation was mostly provided through chimneys and ridge openings. Additionally, inadequate window surface area limited the efficiency of natural lighting. It was observed that most farms met their feed requirements through self-production, while veterinary services were generally outsourced. The study revealed that structural deficiencies in the barns, such as inadequate ventilation, low lighting ratios, substandard thermal insulation, the absence of compartments for sick animals and calves, insufficient manure storage facilities, and window surface areas inadequate to provide natural lighting, had negative impacts on animal welfare, production efficiency, hygiene conditions, and environmental sustainability. Accordingly, several structural and managerial recommendations were proposed to improve the current situation. In conclusion, the findings emphasize the necessity of planned and engineering-supported design, structural improvements, and facility regulations to ensure the sustainability of livestock operations in rural areas.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>tie-stall dairy cattle housing</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  animal welfare</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  building materials</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  thermal insulation</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ventilation and lighting</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>bağlı duraklı süt sığırı ahırları</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  konstrüksiyon malzemeleri</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ısı geçirme katsayısı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  termal performans aydınlatma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  havalandırma</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ahmad, S. F., &amp; Gaur, G. K. (2024). Engineering applications in livestock. In Tarafdar A, Pandey A, Gaur GK, Singh M, Pandey HO (Eds) Chapter 1: Introduction to engineering applications in livestock production. Academic Press, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2021-0-01048-8</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akman, N. (1998). Practical Cattle Breeding. Publication of the Turkish Agricultural Engineers Association Foundation, Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Albright, L. D. (1990). Environment control for animals and plants (p. 453). Cornell University. ISBN: 978-0-929355-08-5.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alpan, O., &amp; Aksoy, A. R. (2015). Cattle Breeding and Fattening (7th ed.). Favori Publishing, Istanbul.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Anonymous, (2023). Data of the Republic of Türkiye, Kadınhanı District Governorship. http://www.kadinhani.gov.tr/ilcemiz (access date: 05.10.2024).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Armstrong, D. V. (1994). Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. J. Dairy Sci. 77: 2044-2050. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77149-6</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bakır, G., &amp; Ferhat, H. (2014). Factors affecting the structural characteristics of dairy cattle enterprises in Yalova Province: Feeding and nutrition habits. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(1): 55–62. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.09721</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Berman, A., Folman, Y., Kaim, M., Mamen, M., Herz, Z., Wolfenson, D., Arieli, A., &amp; Graber, Y. (1985). Upper critical temperatures and forced ventilation effects for highyielding dairy cows in a subtropical climate. J. Dairy Sci. 68: 1488–1495. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80987-5</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bhatia, A. (2014). Heat loss calculations and principles. Continuing Education and Development, Course No: M05-003. https://kh.aquaenergyexpo.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Heat-Loss-Calculations-and-Principles.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Carvill, J. (1993). Thermodynamics and heat transfer. In Mechanical engineer’s data handbook, pp. 102–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-051135-1.50008-X</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cook, N. B. (2019). Designing facilities for the adult dairy cow during the nonlactation and early lactation period. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 35(1): 125–138.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demir, Y. (1990). A research on the structural features of beef cattle farms in the central black sea region and development of climate-appropriate barn plans. PhD Thesis, Çukurova University, Turkey.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ekmekyapar, T. (1991). Regulation of environmental conditions in animal shelters. Publication No:306. Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture Publications, Erzurum.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">FAOSTAT. (2024). Crops and livestock products. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (access date: 15.06.2025).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">House, H. K., &amp; Eng, P. (2016). Dairy housing-ventilation options for free stall barns. Ontario. https://files.ontario.ca/omafra-ventilation-options-free-stall-barns-15-017-en-aoda-2020-04-27.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kendirli, B. (2016). Environmental control in agricultural structures [Lecture notes]. Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation. p.89.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kic, P. (2017). Effect of construction shape and materials on indoor microclimatic conditions inside the cowsheds in dairy farms. Agronomy Research 15: 426-434. https://agronomy.emu.ee/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Vol15nr2_Kic.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Miteva, C. (2012). Hygienic aspects of production in dairy cows in freestall barns. Trakia University Publishing House, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Olgun, M. (2011). Agricultural structures. Publication No:244, Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Phillips, C. (2008). Cattle behaviour and welfare. John Wiley &amp; Sons. p.274.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Singh, V. K., Pandey, H. O., Biswal, P., &amp; Nayak, D. N. (2024). Engineering Applications in Livestock. In Tarafdar A, Pandey A, Gaur GK, Singh M, Pandey HO (Eds) Chapter 2: Basic considerations for engineered livestock housing. Academic Press, pp. 15-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-98385-3.00015-3</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şahin, O., Kaygısız, A., &amp; Yılmaz, İ. (2022). Breed preferences and their reasons among cattle breeders in Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 8(1): 151–165. https://doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.1052823</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">TUIK. (2024). Livestock statistics. Turkish Statistical Institute. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=101&amp;locale=tr (access date: 15.06.2025).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Uğurlu, N. (2021). Planning of Animal Shelters [Lecture notes]. Selçuk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, Konya.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wilson, A. M., Wright, T. C., Cant, J. P., &amp; Osborne, V. R. (2022). Preferences of dairy cattle for supplemental light-emitting diode lighting in the resting area. Animals, 12 (15): 1894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151894</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
