<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>selcuk j agr food sci</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2458-8377</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2458-8377</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Selçuk Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15316/selcukjafsci.1779804</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Biosystem</subject>
                                                            <subject>Precision Agriculture Technologies</subject>
                                                            <subject>Agricultural Machines</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Biyosistem</subject>
                                                            <subject>Hassas Tarım Teknolojileri</subject>
                                                            <subject>Tarım Makineleri</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Sırtta Taşınan Pülverizatörler için Yerli Üretim Memelerin Damla Boyutu Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Determination of Droplet Size Characteristics of Locally Manufactured Nozzles for Knapsack Sprayers</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0714-6232</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>İtmeç</surname>
                                    <given-names>Medet</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>CUKUROVA UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260428">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>28</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>40</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>181</fpage>
                                        <lpage>189</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250908">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>08</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260317">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>17</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1991, Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1991</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Püskürtme memelerinde damla oluşumu öncelikle meme tasarımına bağlıdır. Damla boyutu ise farklı zararlı türleri için gerekli olan değişken optimum aralıklar nedeniyle bitki korumada kritik öneme sahiptir. Uygulamada, yerli üretim pirinç memeler özellikle düşük maliyetleri sebebiyle bahçe ve sırt pülverizatörlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak bu memelerin büyük bölümü herhangi bir araştırma-geliştirme sürecinden geçirilmeden üretilmekte ve zararlı mücadelesinde etkili damla boyutları oluşturma yetenekleri bilimsel olarak doğrulanmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, iç piyasada yaygın şekilde satılan ancak literatürde orifis çapı dışında teknik verisi bulunmayan farklı tasarımlara sahip pirinç boş koni memelerin püskürtme özelliklerini değerlendirmektir. Denemelerde dört meme test edilmiştir: ikisinin orifis çapı 1,5 mm, diğer ikisinin 1,2 mm’dir. Her bir meme 300, 400 ve 500 kPa basınçlarda, üç tekerrürlü ve 60 saniyelik püskürtme süresiyle çalıştırılmıştır. Damla boyutu dağılımları lazer kırınım analizörü kullanılarak ölçülmüş; hacimsel parametreler Dv0.1, Dv0.5, Dv0.9 ile span değerleri kaydedilmiştir. Sonuçlar, debilerin teorik beklentilerle büyük ölçüde uyumlu olmasına karşın, aynı orifis çapına sahip memeler arasında damla boyutlarının önemli farklılıklar gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu durum, iç tasarımın püskürtme performansını güçlü biçimde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Özellikle bir meme sürekli olarak daha iri damlalar üretirken, diğerleri daha ince püskürtme sağlamış; Göreli Span (Relative Span) değerleri ise üniformitedeki belirgin farklılıkları ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular, meme performansının yalnızca nominal orifis çapına göre değerlendirilemeyeceğini vurgulamakta ve etkili zararlı kontrolü ile çevresel risklerin azaltılması için sistematik değerlendirmelerin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Droplet formation in spray nozzles primarily depends on nozzle design, while droplet size is of critical importance in crop protection due to the varying optimal ranges required for different target pests. In practice, locally manufactured brass nozzles are commonly used in orchard and knapsack sprayers, largely because of their low cost. However, most of these nozzles are produced without undergoing any research and development process, and their ability to generate droplet sizes suitable for effective pest management has not been scientifically verified. The present study aimed to evaluate the spray characteristics of brass hollow cone nozzles with different designs, which are widely sold in the domestic market but lack technical data in the literature beyond orifice size. Four nozzles were tested: two with an orifice diameter of 1.5 mm and two with 1.2 mm. Each nozzle was operated at pressures of 300, 400, and 500 kPa, with three replications and a spraying duration of 60 seconds. Droplet size distributions were measured using a laser diffraction analyzer, and volumetric parameters DV0.1, DV0.5, DV0.9, together with span values, were recorded. The results showed that although flow rates closely matched theoretical expectations, droplet sizes varied significantly between nozzles of similar orifice diameters, indicating that internal design strongly influences spray performance. Notably, one nozzle consistently produced coarser droplets, while others generated finer sprays, and Relative Span values demonstrated clear differences in uniformity. These findings highlight that nozzle performance cannot be assessed based solely on nominal orifice size and emphasize the necessity of systematic evaluation to ensure effective pest control and minimize environmental risks.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Hollow cone nozzle</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Knapsack sprayer nozzle</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Droplet size distribution</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Spray quality</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Pesticide application</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Konik Huzmeli Meme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Sırt pülverizatörü</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Damla dağılımı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  püskürtme kalitesi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Tarımsal İlaç Uygulama</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">This research received no external funding</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                    </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ASABE, E. (2009). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers: St. Joseph, MI, USA, 1, 354-357.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Balcı, Y., &amp; Yağcıoğlu, A. (1994). Sırt Pülverizatörlerinde Kullanılan Bazı Hidrolik Memelerin Volumetrik Dağılım Karakteristikleri. Tarımsal Mekanizasyon, 15, 20-22.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cerruto, E., Manetto, G., Papa, R., &amp; Longo, D. (2021). Modelling spray pressure effects on droplet size distribution from agricultural nozzles. Applied Sciences, 11(19), 9283.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chen, C., Xue, X., Zhou, Q., Gu, W., Zhang, S., &amp; Wu, C. (2023). Fixed spraying systems application in citrus orchards: nozzle type and nozzle position effects on droplet deposition and pest control. Agronomy, 13(11), 2828.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cunha, J. P. D., Reis, E. F. D., Assunção, H. H. D., &amp; Landim, T. N. (2019). Evaluation of droplet spectra of the spray tip AD 11002 using different techniques. Engenharia Agrícola, 39(4), 476-481.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çengel, Y. A., &amp; Cimbala, J. M. (2024). Fluid mechanics: Fundamentals and applications. McGraw Hill.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">De Cock, N., Massinon, M., Salah, S. O. T., Mercatoris, B. C. N., &amp; Lebeau, F. (2015). Droplet size distribution measurements of ISO nozzles by shadowgraphy method. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci, 80, 295-301.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gilreath, J. P., Santos, B. M., Chase, C. A., &amp; Locascio, S. J. (2006). Influence of soil fumigation on 2, 4-D and dicamba carryover in fresh market tomato. Crop Protection, 25(10), 1095-1100. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2006.02.010</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dorr, G. J., Hewitt, A. J., Adkins, S. W., Hanan, J., Zhang, H., &amp; Noller, B. (2013). A comparison of initial spray characteristics produced by agricultural nozzles. Crop protection, 53, 109-117. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2013.06.017.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ferguson, J. C., O&#039;Donnell, C. C., Chauhan, B. S., Adkins, S. W., Kruger, G. R., Wang, R., ... &amp; Hewitt, A. J. (2015). Determining the uniformity and consistency of droplet size across spray drift reducing nozzles in a wind tunnel. Crop Protection, 76, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2015.06.008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İtmeç, M., Bayat, A., Bolat, A., Toraman, M. C., &amp; Soysal, A. (2022). Assessment of spray drift with various adjuvants in a wind tunnel. Agronomy, 12(10), 2377. doi:10.3390/agronomy12102377</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Longo, D., Manetto, G., Papa, R., &amp; Cerruto, E. (2020). Design and construction of a low-cost test bench for testing agricultural spray nozzles. Applied Sciences, 10(15), 5221. doi:10.3390/app10155221</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Matthews, G. A., Bateman, R., &amp; Miller, P. (2014). Pesticide application methods. John Wiley &amp; Sons.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Miller, P. C., Tuck, C. R., Murphy, S., &amp; da Costa Ferreira, M. (2008). Measurements of the droplet velocities in sprays produced by different designs of agricultural spray nozzle. In European conference on liquid 
atomization and spray systems, Como Lake, Italy (pp. 8-10).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nuyttens, D., Baetens, K., De Schampheleire, M., &amp; Sonck, B. (2007). Effect of nozzle type, size and pressure on spray droplet characteristics. Biosystems engineering, 97(3), 333-345. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.03.001</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oerke, E. C. (2006). Crop losses to pests. The Journal of agricultural science, 144(1), 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859605005708</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Popp, J., Pető, K., &amp; Nagy, J. (2013). Pesticide productivity and food security. A review. Agronomy for sustainable development, 33(1), 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0105-x</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Privitera, S., Manetto, G., Pascuzzi, S., Pessina, D., &amp; Cerruto, E. (2023). Drop size measurement techniques for agricultural sprays: A state-of-the-art review. Agronomy, 13(3), 678. doi:10.3390/agronomy13030678</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Savary, S., Willocquet, L., Pethybridge, S. J., Esker, P., McRoberts, N., &amp; Nelson, A. (2019). The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops. Nature ecology &amp; evolution, 3(3), 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0793-y</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sayıncı, B., Bozdoğan, N. Y., Yıldız, C., &amp; Demir, B. (2013). Konik hüzmeli memelerde akış katsayısı ve bazı işletme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Tarım Makinaları Bilimi Dergisi, 9(1), 9-20.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sivri, M., &amp; Çanakcı, M. (2024). Kullanımda olan sera pülverizatörlerindeki meme plakalarının püskürtme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(3), 648-665. doi:10.33462/jotaf.1325283.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sudheer, K. P., &amp; Panda, R. K. (2000). Digital image processing for determining drop sizes from irrigation spray nozzles. Agricultural Water Management, 45(2), 159-167.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J., &amp; Befort, B. L. (2011). Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 108(50), 20260-20264. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tuck, C. R., Ellis, M. B., &amp; Miller, P. C. H. (1997). Techniques for measurement of droplet size and velocity distributions in agricultural sprays. Crop protection, 16(7), 619-628. doi:10.1016/S0261-2194(97)00053-7.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vulgarakis Minov, S., Cointault, F., Vangeyte, J., Pieters, J. G., &amp; Nuyttens, D. (2016). Spray droplet characterization from a single nozzle by high speed image analysis using an in-focus droplet criterion. Sensors, 16(2), 218. doi:10.3390/s16020218.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhai ChangYuan, Z. C., Zhao ChunJiang, Z. C., Wang Xiu, W. X., Li Weia, L. W., Li Weib, L. W., &amp; Zhu RuiXiang, Z. R. (2014). Nozzle test system for droplet deposition characteristics of orchard air-assisted sprayer and its application. doi:10.3965/j.ijabe.20140702.015</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhang, W., Lu, Y., van der Werf, W., Huang, J., Wu, F., Zhou, K., ... &amp; Rosegrant, M. W. (2018). Multidecadal, county-level analysis of the effects of land use, Bt cotton, and weather on cotton pests in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(33), E7700-E7709. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721436115.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wang, S., Li, X., Zeng, A., Song, J., Xu, T., Lv, X., &amp; He, X. (2022). Effects of adjuvants on spraying characteristics and control efficacy in unmanned aerial application. Agriculture, 12(2), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020138</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
